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31 Terms
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1
Population
A complete set of observations, events, or individuals with a common characteristic that the researcher is interested in studying.
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2
Sample
A subset of the population used for research to avoid the difficulties of studying the entire population.
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3
Random Sample
A type of sample where every person in the population has an equal probability of being selected.
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4
Stratified Sample
A type of sample that uses established subsets of the population to ensure equal representation from each group.
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5
Cluster Sample
A sampling method where entire intact groups are randomly selected and treated as individuals.
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6
Accidental/Haphazard Sample
A non-scientific sampling method that may create a biased sample, often seen in 'mall questionnaires'.
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7
Bias
A sample that is systematically different from the population from which it is drawn.
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8
Selection Bias
A flaw in the sampling process resulting in over- or under-representation of segments of the population.
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9
Response Bias
A distortion in the representativeness of a sample caused by some sampled individuals failing to respond.
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10
Sampling Error
The difference between the population mean and the sample mean that can occur even in an unbiased sample.
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11
Surveys
Non-experimental research methods that assess attitudes, opinions, characteristics, or perceptions.
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12
Knowledge Base
The understanding a researcher must have about a topic to construct a valid survey.
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13
Open-ended Questions
Questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words, such as short answer or essay questions.
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14
Closed-ended Questions
Questions that provide a list of choices or alternatives for respondents to select from.
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15
Partially Open-ended Questions
Questions that combine closed-ended formats with an option for respondents to write in answers.
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16
Double-barreled Questions
Questions that ask two things simultaneously and can confuse respondents.
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17
Negative Wording
Using negative phrasing in questions that can lead to confusion and misinterpretation.
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18
Leading Questions
Questions phrased in a way that suggests a particular answer and may bias responses.
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19
Pilot Study
A pretest of a survey instrument where data do not count, allowing for refinement of questions.
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20
Anti-Bias Statement
A statement included in evaluations to remind participants of potential biases in feedback.
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21
Observations
The unobtrusive recording and description of behavior in a natural setting.
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22
Naturalistic Observations
Watching subjects in their natural environments without interference.
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23
Structured Observations
Observations conducted in a controlled environment, which may not fully replicate natural settings.
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24
Interobserver Reliability
The extent of agreement among observers about what occurred during observations.
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25
Operational Definitions
Exact explanations of the measurements or variables used in research to ensure clarity and consistency.
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26
Hypotheses
Predictions made prior to the study that researchers aim to test or explore.
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27
Focus Groups
A collection of individuals brought together to discuss and provide feedback on a particular topic.
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28
Survey Construction
The process of developing survey questions and formats to gather data effectively.
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29
Question Formats
Different ways of structuring questions in surveys, including open, closed, and partially open-ended.
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30
Response Options
The alternatives provided to respondents in a closed-ended question to choose from.
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31
Field Notes
Detailed records by researchers during naturalistic observations, describing daily events as they occur.
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