APUSH Chapter 32

London Economic Conference 1933

a meeting of 66 nations held in London from June 12 to July 27, 1933, aimed at addressing the Great Depression, reviving international trade, and stabilizing currency exchange rates, but ultimately failed due to US President Franklin D. Roosevelt's opposition to currency stabilization

Good Neighbor Policy

The policy's main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries

Mexican oil expropriation 1938

On March 18, 1938, Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas signed an order that expropriated the assets of nearly all of the foreign oil companies operating in Mexico

Cordell Hull

received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the "Father of the United Nations

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, 1934

a law that allowed the United States to negotiate trade agreements to reduce tariffs with other countries. The RTAA was a key part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's efforts to end the Great Depression

The rise to power of Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler

three major dictators during WW2

Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936

was a military and political alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, later expanding to include Japan as the Axis Powers, which opposed the Allied Powers during World War II. 

Ethiopian Invasion 1935

war of aggression waged by Italy against Ethiopia, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937. On 3 October 1935, two hundred thousand soldiers of the Italian Army commanded by Marshal Emilio De Bono attacked from Eritrea (then an Italian colonial possession) without prior declaration of war.^[13] At the same time a minor force under General Rodolfo Graziani attacked from Italian Somalia.

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Nye Committee

special Senate committee established in 1934 to investigate the role of the munitions industry in World War I, chaired by Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota. The committee was created to investigate the sale of munitions during World War I, focusing on the potential influence of the arms industry on the U.S. decision to enter the war and the profits made by the industry. 

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937

 these were designed to keep the US neutral in the event of a conflict. It said that no American citizen could sail on the ships of belligerent nations, outlawed arms sales, no loans to nations at war, the US could not help out even if a country was the innocent victim of aggression. The sentiment of the United States was to ensure neutrality at all costs. The Policy of Appeasement backfires

Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

primarily fueled by deep-seated political, social, and economic tensions that culminated in a military coup against the Republican government, leading to a violent conflict between left-leaning Republicans and right-leaning Nationalists. with the monarchy overthrown in 1931 and replaced by the Second Spanish Republic. 

Japanese Invasion of China 1937

the Japanese took the Chinese capital of Nanjing, and in 1945 they retreated from the Filipino capital of Manila. In both cases, Japanese troops massacred many thousands of civilians.

FDR’s quarantine speech 1937

the speech was against the "epidemic of world lawlessness" by aggressive nations as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time.

Panay incident 1937

was a Japanese bombing attack on the U.S. Navy river gunboat Panay and three Standard Oil Company tankers on the Yangtze River near the Chinese capital of Nanjing on 12 December 1937. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time.

Rhineland invasion 1935

Adolf Hitler defied the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Locarno by sending German troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, a move that was met with weak responses from Britain and France, signaling a turning point towards World War II. 

Holocaust

known in Hebrew as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews

Austrian Annexation 1938

The Anschluss, also known as the Anschluß Österreichs, was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938. The idea of an Anschluss arose after the 1871 unification of Germany excluded Austria and the German Austrians from the Prussian-dominated German Empire.

Sudetenland 1938

a region of Czechoslovakia with a large ethnic German population, was annexed by Nazi Germany following the Munich Agreement, a deal brokered by Britain and France to appease Hitler's demands

Munich Conference 1938

diplomatic meeting where leaders from Germany, Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia

Appeasement

a policy of making concessions to a potential aggressor to avoid conflict, became a key element in the lead-up to World War II, particularly with Britain's approach to Nazi Germany, culminating in the infamous Munich Agreement. 

Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Treaty

was a non-aggression treaty signed in Moscow on August 23, 1939, between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, which included a secret protocol dividing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. 

“Cash and Carry” Neutrality Act 1939

allowed nations at war to purchase goods from the United States, provided they paid in cash and transported the goods themselves, effectively ending the arms embargo and favoring nations like Britain and France. 

Phony War

the period of relative inactivity on the Western Front in Europe during the early months of World War II, from September 1939 to May 1940, before the German invasion of France and the Low Countries. 

Invasion of France 1940

also known as D-day. The allied landing in Normandy. German troops overran Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France in six weeks starting in May 1940.

Winston Churchill comes to power

became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on May 10, 1940, succeeding Neville Chamberlain amidst the escalating Second World War, and he led the country through the war years. 

Battle of Britain 1940

a crucial World War II air campaign, saw the Royal Air Force (RAF) defend the United Kingdom against the Luftwaffe's (German Air Force) attacks from July to October 1940, ultimately preventing a German invasion.

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

an American advocacy group that aimed to persuade the U.S. government to support the Allies, particularly Great Britain, against Nazi Germany, without directly entering the war

The America First Committee

an isolationist group formed in 1940, lobbied Congress against American involvement in foreign wars. The group was one of the largest antiwar organizations in the country with 800,000 members at its peak.

Destroyer deal 1940

in exchange for 50 American destroyers, Britain granted the United States 99-year leases on land in Newfoundland, the Bahamas, and the Caribbean to establish US air and naval bases. FDR signed this.

Wendell Willkie 1940

American lawyer, corporate executive and the 1940 Republican nominee for president.

Lend-Lease Act 1941

authorized the United States to provide military aid to Allied nations fighting against the Axis powers in World War II, allowing the US to support the war effort without formally entering the conflict. It permitted him to "sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article

Hitler invades USSR 1941

Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 to gain resources, conquer new lands, and destroy communism. This invasion, code-named Operation Barbarossa, was a key factor in deciding the outcome of World War II. 

Atlantic Charter

a joint declaration by the United States and Great Britain in 1941, outlined post-war goals, emphasizing freedom, self-determination, peace, and cooperation, and served as a foundation for the United Nations and other international organizations. 

Greer, Kearny, and Reuben James 1941

three navy destroyers during World War 2.

Japanese embargo 1940

Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to embargo all imports into China, including war supplies that were purchased from the U.S. That move prompted the U.S. to embargo all oil exports, which led the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) to estimate it had less than two years of bunker oil remaining