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Cold War
A conflict between 1946 and 1991 between the united states and the soviet union. It was a political and military tension over democracy vs. autocracy, Capitalism vs. authoritative socialism (communism) and good vs evil (who looked the best). It was fought through proxy wars and arms races (atomic bomb). This was due to differences in the economic and political system and to see who was best.
US and Soviet Tension
In WWI Russia pulled out of the war making the united states practically forced to come to the aid of Europe. Then the US did not let the soviet union participate in peace talks. They also did not recognize the soviet government until 1932. In WWII, the USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Russia, the US didn’t create a second front until 1944(D-day which russia wanted to happen earlier), the US didn’t share with the soviets about the atomic bomb, and because of soviet aggressions in eastern Europe.
Satellite Nations
Nations that were dominated both economically and politically by the USSR. They were nations that would operate under the Soviet union’s government system.
Containment
The ideology for US foreign policy during the start of the cold war. It was an effort to block the Soviet’s attempts to spread their influence by creating alliances and supporting weaker countries that may fall victim to communism. A containment of Russia’s expansive tendencies.
Truman Doctrine
give aid to nations susceptible to communism. it was a policy to support containment. Mostly done through giving money to the countries who need support.
Marshal Plan
Also known as the european economic recovery program. 1947. Gave european nations 12.5 billion dollars of aid to countries in Western Europe to alleviate hunger and poverty. Made the US look good. Set the budget for spending in Europe.
Operation Vittles/Berlin Airlift
After Russia blocked off eastern berlin from western and built the Berlin wall. The US decided to airlift supplies for 327 straight days (medicine, gas, food, and even toys) into both west and mostly eastern berlin.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty organization. From 1949 to the present. An armed attack against one or more of them (the members) shall be considered an attack against them all. Gave the united states the ability to defend against communism. It would put countries under the protection of many larger and more powerful nations.
Warsaw Pact
The USSR’s counter alliance to NATO. Starts in 1955 and signals a massive divide between communist countries and capitalist countries. It would dissolve in 1991 with the fall of the USSR.
Chinese Civil War
The first proxy war. China was unstable in the World Wars era and during that time the government would fall and two groups would start to compete for power. The united states supported Chiang Kai-Shek who was a nationalist/ capitalist and the USSR supported Mao Zedong who was a communist. The outcome of the civil war was a communist state that was established in 1949(the same year the USSR went nuclear). The american supported nationalists would flee to Taiwan. The road to Korea started here.
Korea Proxy War
The Japanese surrendered to the Soviets above the 38th parallel and to the US south of the 38th parallel in 1945(end of WWII). Both sides agree to reunite Korea with unifying elections in 1947 (which never happens). On June 25th 1950, the north Korean communist forces crossed the 38th parallel into south Korea being supported by the USSR. On June 27th, the U.N. resolution allows forces to defend south Korea (most troops were from the US). By september of the same year, the United Nations had pushed back the North Koreans across the 38th parallel. After a debate about freeing all of Korea from communism, on October 7th, a new resolution allowed for troops to enter north Korea. The war now becomes offensive. The united nations pushed the north koreans all the way up to the Yalu river. In november, 300,000 Chinese “volunteers” supporting the USSR’s goals entered the war. The Chinese would push the UN’s forces back across the 38th parallel. Nuclear power was debated by the United States, but eventually would be stopped by Truman in a fear of starting WWIII. The aftermath would show it as a police action (as there was no formal declaration of war) necessary to keeping democracy abroad, Korea remains divided at the 38th parallel and 54,200 Americans died(34,000 is more accurate).
Changes on the home front
Many republicans after the wars and the depression wanted to moderate the New Deal state not dismantle it (liberal minded, as a conservative majority was gaining steam). They wanted more local control of taxes, cut spending and cut taxes, extension of social security to 10 million americans, establish an interstate highway system, and create a department of health, education, and welfare to improve peoples lives.
Massive Retaliation/ Brinkmanship
The american’s use of foreign policy under Eisenhower. Idea: if the US pushed the communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of american nuclear superiority. “Nuclear threat” would lead to the end of the Korean War in 1953. They also threatened nuclear war to protect Taiwan in 1955.
Mutually Assured Destruction
the idea that if war broke out between the Us and the USSR it would result in the destruction of the attacker and the defender. The US went nuclear in 1945, and the USSR in 1949. They got H-bombs in the US in 1952, and Russia in 1953. This proves the idea because now both had highly destructive powers. Created a fear that both nations would be bombed.
Vietnam proxy War
American involvement begins in 1954. Eisenhower continues (like truman) to provide assistance to the french in vietnam (as vietnam was a french colony). The US pays for 75% of the cost of the war. France falls after a loss of 20,000 soldiers at Dien Bien Phu. Vietnam is now divided at the 17th parallel.
Sputnik
An unmanned statelite sent into space by the USSR in 1957. Now, the soviets have the military advantage.
ICBMs
intercontinental Ballistic Missiles. The soviets have proven that they could launch a rocket with a nuclear warhead from the soviet union that could land in the US. It raised concern that the US education system was inferior. It would result in an increase in STEM education.
Communist Revolution in Cuba
1953-1959. Fidel Castro overthrows dictator Fulgencio Batista’s government in Cuba. Castro seized US owned companies and property. The US responds by issuing a trade embargo and Castro’s government aligns itself closer to the Soviet union. Now, there was communism within 90 miles of the US
U-2 incident
After the Soviet union rejected an american request for open skies, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the soviet union.
Peace Corps
Enacted by JFK, it was an attempt for public service abroad. It would help provide educational and technological support to other countries so they could defend against communism.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Put in place in July of 1963. Made it more difficult with the nuclear arms race occurring to make technological advancements.
Bay of pigs invasion
US backed a group of Cuban Exiles to attack the communist government. Castro’s troops (communists) supported by Soviet tanks an air forces, easily defeated the Cuban exiles within 3 days. JFK issues formal apology taking responsibility. (his popularity soars). But, would lead to the cuban missile crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis.
A period of 16 days of major nuclear tension between the US and the USSR. IN 1961, the US unsuccessfully tries to overthrow the communist government (bay of pigs). So, Cuba goes to the communists for help. So, the USSR secretly deploys missiles to Cuba. In response, the US prompts an emergency meeting. JFK decides to take a peaceful approach and cut off any imports to Cuba. The USSR saw it as an action of war. So, the soviets said of they didn’t stop world wide nuclear war would occur. The US in an attempt to defend the US planned for another invasion as the USSR send more missiles. In October, a US plane was shot down over Cuba, and on that same day, a bomb was released to let a Russian submarine come to the surface. The submarine thought it was the start of war, and they voted to release a nuclear torpedo. One of the 3 said no preventing total war and destruction. The US and the Soveits met and decided that the US would take their missiles out of Italy and Turkey and would not invade Cuba, while soviets would remove themselves from cuba was the supervision of the UN. The Soviets would remove all their missiles from cuba and the crisis would be over. It represented how fragile politics were and how much power they could unleash.
Cold War Liberalism
A new deal style of domestic policy that was pared with containment. It would gain strong support from the organized labor movement and shift them from republican to democrat. Truman wanted to be FDR
Taft-Hartley Act
Weakened rights of workers to organize. It put up right to work laws which said that if a union a person is a part of goes on strike, they have the right to to get work somewhere else. it also created laws that enforced the purging of communists which were heavy in the ranks of labor unions. Was a retaliation by Republicans.
The fair deal
Truman, who wanted a New Deal 2.0. He proposed this, which would attempt to create national health insurance (socialized medicine, no one would succeed until obama), aid to education, NEW HOUSING PROGRAMS, EXPANSION OF SOCIAL SECURITY, A HIGHER MINIMUM WAGE, and a new agricultural program to help farmers. The ones in all caps are the only things that succeeded. Agriculture also only got worse as farms consolidated and goods were mainly shipped from overseas.
Loyalty Security Program
Background checks on 3 million federal employees (2700 government workers were discharged/resigned in the 4 years). It added an extra layer of background checks.
McCarran Internal Security Act
Made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government. Restricted the employment or travel of those joining communist front organizations and it authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives( so a special jail of people who were charged with communism).
Un-american activities committee (HAUC)
investigated government officials and organizations (like the boy scouts and hollywood) for communist influence. Those that refused to testify were blacklisted. A committee in congress to police communism in the federal government, then to any group in the U.S. It would become a witch hunt.
Alger HIss
a former state department official who gave classified documents on how to build the atomic bomb to Moscow. It may have helped to get the nation to the atomic bomb before they would have on their own. it also sparked american concern domestically.
Ethel and Juslius Rosenberg
A couple who provided top secret information about radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines and valuable nuclear weapon designs to the soviets. Created a fear that regular everyday people could be communist spies.
McCarthyism
He was a senator from Wisconsin who used the american fear of communism for political gain. In 1954, he came out with a list of people in the pentagon whom he was accusing for being sympathetic to communism. The Army-McCarthy hearings were televised for the entire nation to see which would result it many of his accusations to be false or extremely weakly supported. He would eventually become censored.
Baby Boom
Part of the strong economy of the 1950s. It was a result of servicemen returning from war who wanted to have families. the G.I billhelped for them to pay for college or for the veterans to purchase homes. This would created a movement of suburbanization and the levittown which was massed produced housing, 85% of it in suburbs.
Economic productivity
Part of the strong economy of the 1950s. Per capita consumption increased by 50%, in the 1950s, the U.S produced half of the worlds manufactured goods. Americans also began to use credit cards once again, and 60% of americans were considered middle class.
Corporate Growth
Part of the strong economy of the 1950s. Renewed period of mergers of large companies and conglomerates increasing the number of white collar managers. (another shift from blue collar to white collar), and there was a rise in large shopping centers which were in suburban areas. As these companies did well, so did the U.S.
Government spending
Part of the strong economy of the 1950s. The national defense spending rose significantly during the cold war. The military industrial complex employed 3.5 million people. Government also built interstate highways to connect the suburbs to cities. There was a movement to the sunbelt states.
Increased Technology
Part of the strong economy of the 1950s. the Television was extremely popular in the 1960s, 75% of all americans owned a TV. There were few stations, it didn’t run and night and advertising was largely increasing. Computers(the first commercially produced in 1950. Also, government funding for university in engineering and science increased.
Trade Unions
Part of the strong economy of the 1950s. For the first time collective bargaining had a large impact in the US economy. Unionization in all of the nations major industries. Average worker gained 18% in spendable income, increased leisure time-paid holidays and vacation time, pensions, company paid health insurance. Part of why things like disney world could develop at this time.
elements of culture in the 1950s
There were defined gender roles, Men were college educated and the breadwinner, while women returned to the cult of domesticity. Anti-communism was on the rise, supporting it was unamerican and they called those people Pinkos, who were democractic but sympathetic to communism. There was also an increased faith in god (this was because in communism there wasn’t religion) so In God We Trust was added to money and under god was added to the pledge. Consumerism was living the american dream. Cars, household appliances, television, and tupperware were all popular items. The baby boom also lead to a shift in parenting. Books like Dr.Spocks common sense book of baby and child care encouraged new things like children’s activities. Finally, clothing went back to being conservative for women, mainly the same for men suits and ties, high cut dresses that went down to the knee ect.
Technology and culture
The car lead to large shifts in culture as americans were on the go. There was an influx of drive in movies, families vacations, and drive in restaurants. Television also flourished and often reinforced typically gender roles and the nuclear family. The same thing with the middle class and advertised the goods you could own which encouraged homogeneity.
The Feminine Mystique
During a time of female domestic life and conformity, Betty Friedan would write this book which questioned if females were really living up to their full potential. This would help spur the feminist movement of the 60s and 70s.
The teenager
Because longer education was now required, there was an increasing role of peer groups and consumer culture. Teenagers were now a part of the economy and they had spending power. This resulted in a new style of Rock N Roll (which was derived from the blues) which catered to this age group and inspired fashion, slang, and appearances.
Counter Culture
Because of the rise of conformity, there were people who apposed that. Artists like Jackson Pollock would break away from the clean and proper expectations of the decade. Intellectuals like David Riesman prompted the idea of the lonely crowd which said that there were ill effects of conformity which resulted in unneeded pressure and made people suppress their individuality making people anxious and frustrated. Finally, there was a counter culture known as the Beatniks. They were individuals who supported individual expression. This would create hippies.
Civil rights contextualization
After the civil war, changes were made to the constitution that were meant to guarantee equal rights for black Americans. Those were the 13th (abolished slavery) 14th (equality in law) and 15th(allowed for black people to vote) amendments. There was some progress, but people found ways around them. White supremacy rose in the south and new ways were found to work around federal amendments. They were not legitimately given equal rights. Plessy Vs. Ferguson was also ruled which legalized segregation in the US in the separate but equal clause. There were also multiple people including Brooker T Washington who proposed the atlanta compromise (wanted to give more black people higher education), WEB DuBois who founded the NAACP, Marcus Garvey who created the universal negro improvement association(advocated for black nationalism), Asa Philip Randolph who was a labor union organizer who got desegregation to occur, and Trumans executive order 9981 which would desegregate the army. It was also because of Jim Crow segregation.
Jim Crow
A system that operated in southern and boarder states which excluded black Americans from public transport, facilities, jobs, juries, and neighborhoods.
De Jure Segregation
segregation that is enforced by law.
Military Causation
African Americans saw that racial discrimination was not nearly as oppressive in European countries like great britian and france. The lack of equal rights and opportunities in the US fueled the desire for change.
Brown V Board
The NAACP litigated on behalf of Linda Brown, a young girl who had to bus over 40 blocks to school when a white school was only 4 blocks from her home. The supreme court struck down on separate but equal doctrine as separate is inherently unequal. It would challenge Plessy V Ferguson.
Impact of Brown V Board
The supreme court ruled that Jim Crow laws segregating children in public schools violates the 14th amendment (equal protection clause). This overturned the separate but equal precedent set in the case of Plessy V Ferguson and it would lead to other Jim Crow laws being challenged in the south. There were various responses including Kansas and Oklahoma desegregating their schools immediately, Texas would claim that it may take years to desegregate, and places like Mississippi and Georgia refused to abide. It would lead to an increased white enrollment in private schools. This would also prompt a counter that this government decision was a abuse of judicial power.
Little Rock Nine
Nine black students were integrated into a previously all white schools in Little Rock Arkansas, but were faced with extreme prejudice, discrimination, and resistance from those against desegregation. The governor of the state would send the national guard to keep the students out of the school. In response, the government would send the army to stay with the students all day. Parents and other students would protest.
Rosa Parks
A woman who was arrested for peaceful protesting. She was arrested and charged with violating the Montgomery, Alabama ordinance that required Black bus riders to sit in the back of public busses and white riders to sit in the front. She was not the first woman to do it, but she received a lot of recognition. This would cause the Montgomery Bus Boycott (led by MLK) which would last 381 days. On Nov. 14th, the supreme court would rule segregation unconstitutional.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A major voice of the civil rights movement. His philosophy was nonviolent resistance which meant protests, grassroot organizations, and civil disobedience like sit-ins and marches. Eventually, he would become more restless as they weren’t facing success. He would be arrested many times for breaking minor laws.
Malcolm X
He wanted to spread the message of “Black Power” and advocated AGAINST nonviolent resistance. He believed civil rights should be obtained by “any means necessary”.
Student Nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC)
They would stage lunch sit ins which would gain national attention and got sympathy from moderate and uninvolved citizens. It was the biggest way that young people got involved. It was one of the more radical organizations.
Civil rights act of 1957
Created the United States Civil Rights Commission which had the power to investigate violations of civil rights and the power to the US attorney general to better protect voting rights of black americans. It was a small victory and the first legislation since reconstruction.
De Facto segregation
Segregation not by law, but instead by written customs and tradition. Prominent in North, Black Americans more likely to live in poverty, be illiterate, be denied houseownership, and have a lower life expectancy.
Freedom Riders
1961. Bus Trips through the South to protest segregated bus terminals. Met with many white protestors who use violence as a deterrent.
16th street baptist church
A bomb goes off in the Church, killing four young African American girls and injured several others. Fuels many angry protests.
March on Washington
Massive protest in DC august 1963. Around 250,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial. Event aimed to draw attention to continuous inequality faced by black americans. Where Martin Luther King Jr. would give his I had a dream speech.
Civil rights act of 1964
Outlaws discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin. It would prohibit unequal voting requirements and unequal opportunities in employment which would prompt the Voting Rights Act and the EEOC. After JFK’s assassination, Lyndon B. Johnson would immediately pick up the cause and get the act passed.
Bloody Sunday
March 1965. 54 mile march from Selma to state capital Montgomery AL to address injustices of voting. Peaceful march was met with brutal force and violence from police and white supremacists. The main push that led to voting rights act of 1965.
Redlining
To refuse a loan, mortgage, insurance, etc. to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk (felt most by minority neighborhoods).
Fair Housing Act 1968
Prohibited discrimination of housing opportunity based on race, religion, national origin or sex. Last big legislature of civil rights era.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Established in 1909. Played a vital role in almost every fundamental event. Any person who had a large name or any big movement likely had a connection to this organization.
Native American Rights Movement
In the 1950s, Native Americans were often moved off reservations and into big urban cities in the government’s hope of assimilating them into mainstream america. AIM (american indian movement) was founded in 1968, helped government funds channel native interests. The goal was not only rights for citizens, but also rights for sovereign native nations (ie. more autonomy and control over reservations and freedom to operate separately from the federal government). The leaders of the movement were Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt and Scheen Littlefeather.
Women’s liberation movement
The movement of the 60s/70s was focused on equality in rights and opportunities. It was spurred by Betty Friedan’s feminine Mystique, where Friedan spoke about women’s problems. Women began to start to lobby the federal government for laws that would demand equality. The leaders of this movement were Gloria Steinem, Audre Lorde, and Angela Davis. By june of 1966, they had concluded that polite requests were insufficient. With this NOW (national organization for Women) was born. They had six measures essential to ensuring women’s equality.
enforcement of laws banning employment discrimination
Maternity leave rights
3)child-care centers that could enable mothers to work
tax deductions for child care expenses
equal and unsegregated education
equal job-training opportunities for poor women.
Chicano Movement
Led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta who worked to help Mexican Americans gain political rights and access to more economic opportunities. United farm workers was created which was a union for migrant workers. It was created due to an influx of workers from the Bracero program. Mexican Americans faced issues with immigration, policies, language barriers, and poverty. Chavez used passive resistance like hunger strikes, while young mexican americans in urban centers became more militant.
Hot line
Also known as the red phone. It was a direct connection to Kremlin/the soviet union from the pentagon. It would prompt a diplomacy focus in the future.
Lyndon B Johnson
The president after JFK is assainated. He was born to a middle-class family in West Texas. He was a member of the house from 1937-49 and was a US senator from 49-61. He was arguably more prepared for the White House than JFK. He was sworn in on Air Force 1. He kept kennedy’s cabinet in tact after his death. He was a man who was great at debate and intimidation. He used this skills, along with using JFK as a martyr to get a lot of his great society legislation passed.
Warren Report
Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone man who assassinated JFK. His sniper’s nest was found on the 6th floor of the Texas School Depository. 3 shots in 5.6 seconds. (1st shot hit, 2nd shot miss, 3rd shot hit). JFK died at parkland memorial hospital at 1pm. Oswald is arrested in a movie theater, he is then killed by Jack Ruby on november 24th 1963.
War on poverty and the great society
Under President Johnson’s war on poverty int he 1960s, the welfare programs of FDR’s New Deal were greatly expanded. LBJ’s great society programs created the modern American welfare state. They would also win him the election of 1964.
Great Society programs
1964
Economic opportunity act
Tax reduction act
Civil rights act
Wilderness preservation act
1965
Elementary and Secondary amendments
Social security amendments
Voting Rights Act
Omnibus housing act
Water quality act
Clean air amendment
Higher education act
1966
National traffic and motor vehicle safety act
1967
Air quality act
1968
The democratic party was split over vietnam and civil rights. Anti war protests and riots were occurring all throughout the nation. LBJ’s approval had plummeted to 37%. He decides not to run for a second term. MLK was killed on april 4th, Robert F. Kennedy was killed in june. People were losing hope in the nation. The chaos of the democratic national convention in august also prompted the rising of tensions.
Geneva Accords 1954
Divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel and unifying elections were set to be held in ‘56. The united states would NOT allow the election to take place so the country remained divided.
North Vietnam
Leader was Ho Chi Minh. The communist north Vietnamese army lead them (NVA). There was also the Vietcong which were southern communists.
South Vietnam
Leader was Duong Van Minh. He was a general who took pwoer after assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem. Army of the republic of vietnam (A.R.V.N) and was supported by the US.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
allowed the president to take “any measures necessary to repel armed aggression against U.S. forced in southeast asia.
Difficulties in Vietnam
An elusive army. They used guerilla warfare, hit and run tactics, which meant there was no real fronts or designated fighting spaces. Also, it was jungle terrain, heat, landmines, booby traps, and underground tunnels. Also, the war of attrition (sustained attack to war one down) ed by the US to try and win the hearts and minds of the southern vietnamese by providing medical/educational/agricultural help.
Napalm
gasoline bombs used to burn down the jungle and expose vietcong militants
Agent Orange
plant killing chemical sprayed on the jungle to expose the vietcong.
Search and Destroy Missions
Destroyed villages that were thought to be supporting the vietcong. Three million south vietnamese peasants were forced to live in refugee camps.
Public Opinion of the War
The lottery draft, birthrates were pulled to determine who would be called up. Because many upper class american youths went through education and other things to get out of military service, many of those who were drafted were of the lower class. It was also americas first media war. It was the first war where americans could watch the war from their TV’s. The credibility gap also existed as Johnson said they were winning the war, but the war footage proved otherwise. Finally, the Tet offensive also occurred where the communists attacked US strongholds and the body count rose significantly for the war.
Doves
People who strongly opposed the war in vietnam and believed that the US should withdraw military force. They believed that vietnam was a civil war and the US should not be involved in its affairs. The US was seen as occupiers rather than liberators. The voting age was 21, so they thought sending 18-20 year olds to fight was unfair. Finally, even though the US had ‘won’ every battle, many protestors believed that the US policy in vietnam was a failure due to casualties.
My Lai Massacre
Soldiers ordered by William Calley Jr to “kill anything that breathed” why on a search and destroy mission. 400 innocent civilians in the village of My Lai were murdered. The Army initially reported “U.S infantrymen had killed 128 communists in a bloody day-long battle” Calley was sentenced to life in prison, served 1 day then was put on house arrest for 3.5 years.
Richard Nixon
Sense LBJ was out of th race, the feild was wide open. He took the approach to gain southerners by going easy of civil rights enforcement. Called for Law and order: a stop to the anti-war movement. Pledged that he would represent the quiet voice of the great majority of forgotten americans, the nonshouters and the nondemonstrators.
Vietnamization
pull US troops out of vietnam while turning it over to the A. R. V.N. Last of the troops were pulled out in 1973.
War Powers Act 73’
President must inform congress within 48 hours if US forces are sent into a hostile area without a declaration of war. In addition, troops may remain no longer than 30 days unless congress approves the president’s actions or declares war.
Vietnam Impact
58,000 americans killed, 365,000 wounded and nearly 3 million vietnamese died both civilian and military.
Mao Zedong
-The man who led the communist forces in China during the civil war. His forces held most of the advantage in China for the war. Once he won, despite what the US thought he would do, he aligned himself with the soviet union, partially afraid that the US would rearm the nationalists and invade the mainland.
-The communists would win the civil war and the People's Republic of China was established in October !st 1949, under Mao. The US would refuse to recognize Red China and blacked their admission to the United Nations.
Chiang Kai-shek
The man who led the nationalist forces during the chinese civil war. The United States would give 2 million dollars to his army to keep the communist forces out of china. After the United States realized that the only way the nationalists could win was through American militaristic intervention, Truman cut off aid and left the nationalists to their fate.
-Without the American support, they would lose the war. Many of the nationalists under him would flee to taiwan. Some pro-nationalists blamed Truman’s state department for being the reason why they lost the war. The US would decline to directly recognize Taiwan's independence.
Douglas MacArthur
-The commander who would lead the US troops to push the north koreans back over the 38th parallel. The troops he led were overwhelmingly american. He would lead a surprise at Inchon which would give the UN forces control of seoul south korea and regained control of almost all the territory up to the 38th parallel. After this success he would lead his troops all the way up to the Yalu river on the Chinese border. It would draw the Chinese forces into the conflict and would force his army into a retreat back into the Korean territory. He would eventually be relieved of his command as he did not want to come to a peace agreement and he wanted to win.
HUAC
-House Un-American Activities Committee which was congressman Martin DIes of Texas and other conservatives put together under the Truman administration legitimized the concept of disloyalty which was flexible and could be used in many different ways. After the war it would help spark the red scare as it would hold largely publicized hearings on suspected communist infiltration in the movie industry. 10 people would eventually be arrested as they refused to tell past associations. Hundreds of other actors, directors and more who were published in the report were blacklisted from getting work. They also worked more government affiliated cases and would eventually put a man named Alger Hiss (a former communist, New Dealer, and had accompanied Roosevelt to Yalta) into prison for 5 years saying that he was a soviet spy.
SEATO
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, created by secretary of state John Foster Dulles, which in 1954 connected the US and its European allies to Australia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand. It would create a large system of defense alliances that would eventually link the US to 40 other countries. They would also sponsor an alliance between Iraq and Iran on the southern part of the soviet union that would prove strategically valuable.
-The organization would help to support any government that was seemingly anti-communist and help to support governments even if they were largely repressive. -
Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957
-In 1957 after being concerned about communist influence in the middle east, the president announced this which stated that the American forces would assist any nation in the region that required aid against communist nations.
-The doctrine proved as further evidence that the US was expanding containment to other countries. THe doctrine would help to overthrow a coup in lebanon and inforce an american backed government. Also, it would help the US protect their steady supply of oil.
New Frontier
-the term kennedy used for the challenges that the countries faced. A host of trusted advisors, and academics came to Washington to join this. It suggested masculine toughness, adventurism, and supported the idea that Americans had to think of themselves as exploring uncharted territory.
-The idea would be good in theory, but much of the path ahead of Kennedy would be very difficult for both the administration and the American citizens.
The Peace Corps
-One of JFK’s nonmilitary initiatives. It was a call to public service. Thousands of men and women would devote two or more years to be a part of volunteer projects for this such as teaching English to Filipino school children or helping African villagers get clean water. It was a low cost cold war weapon that would show the world that there was an alternative to communism.
-Was a non-military aspect of the cold war and not only was a dig at the soviets, but it helped to support other developing nations around the world.
The GI Bill
-Also known as the servicemen's readjustment act. It helped to make the middle class even more successful. Most of the veterans of the war were college students who were going on government money. It has prompted millions of veterans to go to college.
-Helped to prove how government support for education could create a largely productive workforce and nation. The war along with this bill would change how Americans educated themselves as more and more people flocked to colleges. People claimed it to be one of the most important educational and social transformations in history. It also increased home ownership. Not only did it get people to buy houses, but it stimulated the economy as it provided jobs for people to build these houses.
Dr. Spock
-During the era of the baby boom, he wrote a book called Common Sense Book of Baby and Child care which sold one million copies every year after its original production year in 1946. He urged mothers to abandon the old ways of child care schedules and mothers found it liberating.
-It was both positive and negative and it failed to reassure mothers. If they were too protective, he advised that they should not be or the child may be underprepared for adult life. He also made certain mothers feel guilty as he advised that they be constantly available for children. Some would be inspired because of this and it would cause a resurgence of feminism.
Jonas Salk
-Created the polio vaccine, which was a way of preventing a previously VERY serious and deadly illness. His vaccine was spread free of cost throughout the nation's schools and would later be developed into an oral medication.
-He would become a national hero for his success. His successes demonstrated how government sponsored health programs had a lot of potential.
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