Chapter 3: Conquests - Lecture Review

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 3: Conquests, including European expansion into the Canary Islands, Atlantic Africa, Brazil, and the Americas, as well as significant figures and events.

Empires (15th and 16th Centuries)

Period when empires emerged, characterized by conquerors believing they are superior and seeking wealth through cooperation.

Canary Islands

A group of islands inhabited by many ethnic groups, including La Palma and Grand Canary Island, that were subjects of European conquest.

Jean de Bethencour and Gadifer de la Salle

French individuals who led the French conquest of the Canary Islands in 1402.

Prince Henrique (Henry) of Portugal

Portuguese royal who desired control over the Canary Islands, initiating efforts in 1420.

Treaty of Alcacovas (1476)

A treaty that played a role in the control and influence over the Canary Islands.

Captain-General Alonso de Lugo

A sugar planter who led the conquest of Tenerife in 1494.

Canarian Depopulation (1496)

Significant decrease in the indigenous population of the Canary Islands due to an unknown epidemic and conquest, alongside a growing sugar industry.

European African Trade Partners (1440-1460)

Period when Europeans, driven by demand for gold, sought trade partners in Atlantic Africa.

Portuguese feitorias

Trading factories established by the Portuguese in Africa to increase trade, especially for gold dust.

Hegemonic control (Portugal in Africa)

A type of dominance that Portugal lacked in its early trade relations with Africa.

Sao Jorge (1577-8)

A location where Africans successfully resisted Portuguese forces.

Accra (1576)

A location where Africans successfully resisted Portuguese forces.

Oba

Title for the King of Benin.

Benin and Portugal Relations (1514)

Diplomatic and trade interactions established by Benin's Oba, which later splintered.

Kingdom of Kongo

African kingdom with which Portugal established relations in 1483.

Mbemba a Nzinga (Afonso I)

Kongolese leader who became Afonso I in 1506, navigating complex relations with Portugal.

Portuguese-Ngola direct contact (1519)

Initiation of direct contact between Portuguese and the Ngola people, leading to the eventual colonization of Angola.

Paulo Dias de Novais

Explorer and colonizer associated with the establishment of the Colony of Angola and Luanda.

Luanda (Sao Paulo de Assumpcao)

A colony founded in Angola by Paulo Dias de Novais.

Castile and the Americas

Relationship stemming from 1492 events in the Canary Islands and Granada, leading to two Caribbean strategies.

Two Caribbean Strategies (Castile)

Approaches used by Castile in the Caribbean: commercial empire and military conquest.

Columbus and the Taino

Initial interactions that led to the collapse of relations after Columbus's second voyage and subsequent devastation.

Isabela (Settlement)

An early settlement established by Columbus after his second voyage to the Americas.

Gold Tribute on Natives

A system of forced labor and payment imposed by the Spanish on indigenous populations, leading to revolts and warfare.

Francisco Roldan Faction

A group that caused internal conflict among the Spanish colonists, contributing to instability.

Diego de Valazquez

Led the first Spanish expedition to the Yucatan Peninsula in 1517.

Hernando Cortes

Led the third expedition to Mexico in 1519, founded Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, and played a central role in the conquest of the Mexica.

Villa Rica de Vera Cruz

A settlement founded by Hernando Cortes in Mexico.

Tlaxacalans

Indigenous groups who allied with Cortes against the Mexica.

Cortes as Adelantado and Governor of New Spain (1522)

Hernando Cortes's appointment as governor of New Spain in 1522 after the conquest of the Mexica.

Francisco Pizarro

Launched expeditions leading to the conquest of the Inca, arriving in Cajamarca in 1532.

Atahualpa

Inka emperor taken for ransom and later executed by Pizarro's forces in 1533.

Cajamarca

Location where Spanish forces reached on November 15, 1532, and captured Atahualpa.

Cuzco

Incan capital reached and looted by the Spanish on November 15, 1533.

Quisquis’s Army

Incan military force that was defeated in 1534 and retreated to Ecuador.

Ciudad de los Reyes (Lima)

City founded by Pizarro in January 1535, eventually becoming Lima.

Manco

Incan leader who attacked and besieged Cuzco in 1535-1536, vying for power against the Spanish.

Conquest of Peru

The lengthy process of Spanish conquest that wasn't complete until 1543, involving power struggles between Pizarro, Almagro, and Manco.

Portuguese Colonization of Brazil (1531)

Began with the establishment of Sao Vicente and the division of the territory into hereditary Captaincies.

Hereditary Captaincies

A system implemented in Portuguese Brazil dividing the land into territories ruled by individual lord proprietors.

Captaincy of Bahia (1549)

A significant captaincy claimed directly by the Portuguese King in 1549.

Jesuit Missionaries (Brazil)

Religious figures who were highly active in Portuguese Brazil, numbering over 125 by 1600.

Antarctic France (1555)

A French colony established in Brazil that was later destroyed by the Portuguese and their indigenous allies.

Termimino and Tupinamba

Indigenous groups who allied with the Portuguese to destroy the French colony in Brazil.

Potiguar People

Indigenous group who, with French allies, destroyed sugar mills in Pernambuco in 1555; later settled into mission villages (aldeias).

Aldeias

Mission villages run by Jesuits where the Portuguese settled indigenous populations in Brazil.

King Joao III's Order (Mid-16th Century)

Royal decree ordering an end to indigenous slavery in Brazil, though loopholes remained allowing its continuation.

Conquest of Brazil

A process that took decades, with the 'Bulge of Brazil' not fully controlled until 1600.

Sa’Di Dynasty of Morocco

Unified Morocco in the 1520s and 1530s and adopted European artillery.

King Sebastian of Portugal

Portuguese monarch who attempted to conquer Morocco in 1578 and died in the Battle of Alcazarquivir.

Battle at Alcazarquivir (1578)

Decisive battle where King Sebastian of Portugal died during his attempt to conquer Morocco, leading to Portugal's succession crisis.

Morocco's Expedition into Songhay Empire (1590)

Moroccan military action that conquered Western Sudan, leading to the expeditionary force becoming independent rulers in the conquered territory.

King Felipe II of Spain and Portugal

Invaded Portugal in 1580, claiming its monarchy and ruling over Portugal and its Atlantic Empire from 1580 to 1640.