FINAL EURO DANG
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102 Terms
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
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Caspar David Friedrich
German Romantic Painter known for his works that express the sublimity of nature Wanderer above the Sea of Fog.
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John Constable
English landscape painter. Used natural color stippled with white to demonstrate shifting atmosphere and changing seasons. (The Hay Wain)
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J.M.W. Turner
An English romantic painter of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, known especially for his dramatic, lavishly colored landscapes and seascapes. (Rain Steam and Speed)
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Francisco Goya
A Spanish painter of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Among his works is a series of paintings and etchings that powerfully depict the horrors of war. (The Third of May)
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Eugene Delacroix
French romantic painter, master of dramatic colorful scenes that stirred the emotions. remote and exotic subjects. (Liberty Leading the People)
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Ludwig van Beethoven
romantic composer who was the first to take full advantage of the broad range of instruments in the modern orchestra (5th Symphony, Egmont Overture)
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Frederic Chopin
A nineteenth-century Polish romantic composer. He is known for his expressive piano pieces (Nocturne)
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Russian Romantic composer. (Nutcracker and 1812 Overture.)
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Richard Wagner
German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (Ride of the Valkyries)
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
(1749-1832) A German Romantic author fuel the Sturm und Drang movement (Faust, The Sorrows of Young Werther)
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William Wordsworth
English romantic poet who wrote about the natural world.
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Lord Byron
English Romantic poet who embodied the idea of the "Romantic Hero" died on way to fight in the war for Greek independence
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
English Romantic poet; Ode to the West Wind, To a Sky-Lark, Ozymandias
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John Keats
English Romantic poet who wrote "Ode to a Nightingale"
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Mary Shelley
Romantic horror novelist. Author of Frankenstein.
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Victor Hugo
French romantic novelist who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables.
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Romanticism
Artistic movement of the 19th Century that was, in part a backlash/reaction to the cold logical of the Age of Reason/Enlightenment. Believed sentiment and imagination were vital for a true understanding of the world.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
Enlightenment thinker whose works beyond his political philosophy emphasized nature, spontaneity, individualism, passion, and the subjective, making him seen as the "father of the Romantic Movement" by many historians.
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subjective
based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions rather than the rational empiricism of science.
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religious revival
An effort to restore religious beliefs after a period in which the religion was practiced less.
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Evangelical Movement
A religious movement where members actively shared their religious message in an effort to persuade outsiders to voluntarily and sincerely commit to Christianity.
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Methodism
A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work.
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John Wesley
English clergyman and founder of Methodism
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Methodist Movement
Religious movement of people who were at the forefront of many social causes such as the abolition of slavery, prison reform, relief for the poor, improvements in education and charitable work in general.
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modern nationalism
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals it involved support of individual liberty, equality among citizens, and fraternity among all people of a State.
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mass uprising
mass movement of the people formed to overthrow an authoritarian power and replace it with a representative government. Such as what happened in the French Rev.
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British Conservative Party
Political party that originally worked to protect the interests of wealthy landowners.
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British Liberal Party
Political party that in general supported the interests of the business class/industry.
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British Labour Party
British Political party that was formed to support the interests of the working class people pushing for reforms in social safety nets etc.
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Napoleon III
Declared self emperor of France in 1852 but had a "liberal empire" after 1860 where he gave greater power to the legislature in France.
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Paris Commune
Formed by socialists and anarchists in Paris after the end of the rule of Napoleon III, it was an attempt at a society separate from the rest of France based on socialist ideals. It was defeated.
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Social Democratic Party
Working class political party in Germany. Through pressure was able to push for social legislation (health insurance, accident insurance, old age pensions and disability pensions)
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Philanthropies
charitable organizations
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Josephine Butler
Presented women prostitutes as vulnerable women preyed upon by ruthless men, instead of criminals. Worked to help give female job skills and against human trafficking.
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temperance movement
organized attempt to ban the sale and consumption of alcohol because they believed it was dragging down working class people.
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Sunday School Movement
provided basic education for working class children that was run primarily by middle class women in England.
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Barbara Smith Bodichon
Led "Ladies of Langdon Place" a group in which advocated for women's suffrage and right to control property.
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Emmeline Pankhurst
most famous of a family of women who fought for women's suffrage in Britain. Organized huge rallies and was not afraid to get attacked, go on hunger strikes.
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Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU)
militant organization for women's right to vote, founded by the Pankhurst family.
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laissez faire
Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.
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interventionism
the belief that the government should make more rules for economies and societies in order to curb the most horrible abuses of society and prevent revolution.
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Edwin Chadwick
Social reformer who attempted to change the Poor Laws that jailed people for not having a job and to get sanitary codes and public health standards in Britain's urban areas.
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Georges Haussmann
Urban planner who redesigned Paris under reign of Napoleon III. For both sanitary improvements and military reasons (wider boulevards prevented barricades from going up easily).
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Urban redesign
The effort in many 19th c European cities to widen streets, neighborhood organization, add parks and make generally more livable cities.
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militant feminism
movement in Britain, led by the Pankhursts where they went beyond just talk and petitions to loud demonstrations, civil disobedience, hunger strikes and other shocking actions to draw attention to their cause.
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William Wilberforce
leader in the fight to end slavery in Britain, he accomplished his goal in 1833
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kindergarten
Idea of having a "Garden of Children" where young children will blossom by using play and songs to kickstart learning and a love of learning in young children.
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politics
all activities related to government, including rivalries among those competing for power.
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19th c Liberalism
the political philosophy that emphasizes the rights of the individual and the idea that the government should have a limited role in lives of citizens.
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19th c Conservatism
A movement of people who believed that governments were more stable when based on traditional sources of power such as the monarchy and church.
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Popular Sovereignty
the idea that the people, rather than just nobility/king should hold the greatest power in society.
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Great Reform Act of 1832
Widened the right to vote (for men) and balanced representation in Parliament across all districts.
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Corn Laws
1815 tariff on imported grain in Britain to protect domestic farmers (opposed by Urban areas).
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Anti-Corn Law League
Group who opposed high tariffs on imported wheat and regulation of the wheat trade in order to lower food prices for urban areas.
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enlightened self-interest
the idea that a person can see how acting for the good of society also benefits themselves.
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Jeremy Bentham
British author/philosopher/social reformer who came up with the Utilitarian Philosophy.
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Utilitarianism
The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
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John Stuart Mill
19th Century Liberal in favor of expanding voting rights, eliminating corruption in government, and equal rights for women.
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social liberty
The idea, promoted by John Stuart Mill, that everyone was entitled to seek happiness as long as they did no harm to others in the process.
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Chartism
A working class Political reform movement in Britain, that favored universal male suffrage and secret ballots for voting
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Universal Male Suffrage
The idea that all men, no matter their economic status, should have the right to vote.
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suffrage
the right to vote
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Flora Tristan
Socialist and feminist who called for working woman's social and political rights and improving the working and living conditions of all workers in mid-19th century.
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Socialism
a political and economic system under which the means of production (how people get and create manufactured goods) are owned or controlled by society and/or government and used for the public good.
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Henri Saint-Simon
Founder of the philosophy of Utopian Socialism
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Utopian Socialism
a philosophy that promoted the idea of a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes based on the Christian ideals of loving kindness and charity.
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Charles Fourier
French reformer who supported the idea of intentional communities.
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Robert Owen
British Reformer who supported the idea of intentional communities
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intentional communities
small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism. All property is owned communally (by all members of the society).
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Karl Marx
Author of the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels. Founder of communism.
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Marxism
a branch of socialism, that holds that the more powerful classes oppress and exploit the less powerful by denying them their fair share of the surplus they create but that the lower class will rise up and overthrow the upper.
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historical determinism
The belief that history, like physics and chemistry, followed underlying laws that were entirely predictable. In this case of human nature that determined how events would unfold.
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Communism
The idea that all property used to produce goods would be owned collectively by the people and all social classes would disappear. No private property.
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Clara Zetkin
German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party and supported international workers' movements.
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Rosa Luxemburg
radical female German socialist; Believed workers had a right to take up arms against oppressive government. Was murdered in aftermath of WWI by right-wing Germans
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Anarchism
The theory that all forms of government should be abolished. Society should be based on the voluntary cooperation of all members.
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Mikhail Bakunin
Russian anarchist. Supported the violent overthrow of established governments and the destruction of property owned by Capitalists.
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Georges Sorel
believed socialism would come to power in a general strike of the workers, who would be controlled by a small revolutionary elite
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Syndicalism
Belief that after the overthrow of Capitalism by labor unions, all property would be transferred to labor unions who would organize workers into small, self-supporting groups.
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19th c Conservatism
A movement of people who believed that governments were more stable when based on traditional sources of power such as the monarchy and church.
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Edmund Burke
Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France, which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.
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limited monarchy
government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers. Also called Constitutional Monarchy.
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natural order
The belief by 19th Century Conservatives that there is a hierarchy of people with power and authority flowing downwards from the upper classes.
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Joseph de Maistre
in favor of the hereditary absolute monarchy to maintain order. Believed political authority should be based on religious and moral teachings.
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Klemens von Metternich
The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna. "Architect of the Peace Plan"
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Congress of Vienna
First meeting to bring together all major Nations of Europe with a goal to determine the future of Europe and re-establish peace and stability through balance of power.
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Concert of Europe
Series of alliances in the first half of 19th c. to help prevent revolution. European countries would work together to crush any rebellions.
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balance of power
a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others
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Ottoman Empire
A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922--in 1820s Greeks fought to break free of them.
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Decembrists
Russian army officers who were influenced by liberal ideas and wanted to overthrow Tsar Nicholas I in Russia--revolt was crushed.
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July Revolution
overthrow of French King Charles X in 1830--he was trying to be an Absolute Monarch.
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Revolutions of 1848
A series of political upheavals throughout Europe that ended the Concert of Europe.
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Napoleon III
became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup, making himself head of the Second Empire.
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Alexander II
A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia and freed the Serfs.
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Alexander III
Politically reactionary Russian tsar who promoted economic modernization of Russia but crushed political reforms started by his father.
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Sergei Witte
russian minister of finance responsible for the economic modernization of Russia esp in the development of Russian industry/factories.
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Duma
Russian Parliament established after 1905 Revolution.
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Peter Stolypin
conservative Russian prime minister who attempted reforms to make Russian peasants more prosperous so that they could stabilize Russia and prevent revolution.
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hierarchy
a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.
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