Chapter 4 Skeletal System

cartilage (KAR-tih-lij)

Nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints
-Latin gristle

chiropractic (kye-roh-PRAK-tik)

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system

chiropractor (kye-roh-PRACK-tor)

Practitioner of chiropractic

-ic

Suffix: pertaining to

chir/o

R/CF: hand

-pract-

Root: efficient, practical

-or

Suffix: a doer

detoxification (dee-TOKS-ih-fih-KAY-shun); same as detoxication

Removing poison from a tissue or substance

-fication

Suffix: remove

de-

Prefix: from, out of

-toxi-

Root: poison

ligament (LIG-ah-ment)

Band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures
-Latin band, sheet

muscle (MUSS-el)

A tissue consisting of cells that can contract
-Latin muscle

musculoskeletal (MUSS-kyu-loh-SKEL-eh-tal)

Pertaining to the muscles and the bony skeleton

-al

Suffix: pertaining to

muscul/o-

R/CF: muscle

-skelet-

Root: skeleton

orthopedic (or-tho-PEE-dik)

Pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system; originally, most of the deformities treated were in children

orthopedist (or-tho-PEE-dist)

Specialist in orthopedics

orth/o-

R/CF: straight

-ped-

Root: child

-ist

Suffix: specialist

osteocalcin (OSS-tee-oh-CAL-sin)

A hormone produced by bone cells

-in

Suffix: chemical compound

oste/o

R/CF: bone

-pathy

Suffix: disease

osteopathy (OSS-tee-OP-ah-thee)

Medical practice based on maintaining the balance of the body

-calc-

Root: calcium

-path

Suffix: disease

osteopath (OSS-tee-oh-path)

Practitioner of osteopathy

tendon (TEN-dun)

Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
-Latin Sinew

cortex (KOR-teks)

Outer portion of an organ, such as bone
-Latin bark

cortical (KOR-tih-kal); Adjective

Pertaining to a cortex

cortic-

Root: cortex

diaphysis (die-AF-ih-sis)

The shaft of a long bone
-Greek: growing between

epiphysis (ep-ih-FI-sis)

Expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone to provide increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons

epiphysial (ep-ih-FIZ-ee-al); Adjective

Pertaining to an epiphysis

epi-

Prefix: upon, above

-physis

Root: growth

-ial

Suffix: pertaining to

haversian canals (hah-VER-shan-ka-NALS)

Vascular canals in bone
-Clopton Havers, English physician, 1655-1702

marrow (MAH-roe)

Fatty, blood-forming tissue in the cavites of long bones
-Old English marrow

medulla (meh-DULL-ah)

Central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex
-Latin marrow

medullary (meh-DULL-ah-ree); Adjective

Pertaining to a medulla

-ary

Suffix: pertaining to

medulla-

Root: medulla

periosteum (PER-ee-OSS-tee-um)

Strong membrane surrounding a bone

periosteal (PER-ee-OSS-tee-al)

Pertaining to the periosteum

-um

Suffix: structure

peri-

Prefix: around

-oste-

Root: bone

achondroplasia (a-kon-droh-PLAY-zee-ah)

Condition with abnormal, early conversion of cartilage into bone, leading to dwarfism

-plasia

Suffix: formation

a-

Prefix: without

-chondr/o-

R/CF: cartilage

Osteogenisis Imperfecta (OSS-tee-oh-JEN-eh-sis-im-per-FEK-tah)

Inherited condition in which bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones

-genesis

Suffix: creation, formation

osteomalacia (OSS-tee-oh-mah-LAY-she-ah)

Soft, flexible bones lacking in calcium (rickets)

-malacia

Suffix: abnormal softness

osteomyelitis (OSS-tee-oh-my-eh-LIE-tis)

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow

-itis

Suffix: inflammation

-myel-

Root: bone marrow

osteopenia (OSS-tee-oh-PEE-nee-ah)

Decreased calcification of bone

-penia

Suffix: deficient

osteoporosis (OSS-tee-oh-poh-ROE-sis)

Condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, and fragile and more likely to fracture

-sis

Suffix: condition

-por/o

R/CF: opening

rickets (RICK-ets)

Disease due to vitamin D deficiency, producing soft, flexible bones
-Old English to twist

sarcoma (sar-KOH-mah)

Malignant tumor originating in connective tissue

chondrosarcoma (CHON-droh-sar-KOH-mah)

Malignant tumor originating in cartilage cells

osteogenic sarcoma (OSS-tee-oh-JEN-ik sar-KOH-mah)

Malignant tumor originating in bone-producing cells

-oma

Suffix: tumor, mass

sarc-

Root: flesh

-gen-

Root: creation

callus (KAL-us)

Bony tissue that forms at a fracture site early in healing
-Latin hard skin

cancellous (KAN-sell-us)

Bone that has a spongy or lattice-like structure
-Latin lattice

comminuted (KOM-ih-nyu-ted)

A fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces

-ed

suffix: pertaining to

comminut-

root: break into pieces

hematoma (hee-mah-TOH-mah)

Collection of blood that has escaped from blood vessels into tissue

hemat-

root: blood

osteoblast (OSS-tee-oh-blast)

A bone-forming cell

osteocyte (OSS-tee-oh-site)

A bone-maintaining cell

-blast

Suffix: immature cell

-cyte

Root: cell

pathologic fracture (path-oh-LOJ-ik FRAK-chur)

Fracture occurring at a site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer

-log-

root: to study

-ure

suffix: result of

fract-

root: to break

cervical (SER-vih-kal)

pertaining to the neck region

cervic-

root: neck

coccyx (KOK-sicks)

Small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column
-Latin coccyx

foramen (foh-RAY-men)

An opening through a structure
-Latin an opening

foramina (foh-RAM-in-ah); Plural

An opening through a structure
-Latin an opening

kyphosis (ki-FOH-sis)

A normal posterior curve of the spine that can be exaggerated in disease

kyphotic (ki-FOT-ik); Adjective

Pertaining to or suffering from kyphosis

-osis

suffix: condition

kyph-

root: bent, humpback

-tic

suffix: pertaining to

lumbar (LUM-bar)

The region of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
-Latin loin