CNA exam 1

OBRA definition

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987

OBRA Illinois requirements

complete a state-approved CNA training program and pass an evaluation, 75 hours instruction, 16 hours clinical training

holism

A concept that considers the whole person; the whole person has physical, psychological, social, and spiritual parts that are woven together and cannot be separated

objective data

Information that is seen, heard, felt, or smelled by an observer; signs

subjective data

Things a person tells you about that you cannot observe through your senses; symptoms

disability

Any lost, absent, or impaired physical or mental function

acute illness

An illness of rapid onset and short duration; the person is expected to recover

chronic illness

A long-term health condition that may not have a cure; it can be controlled and complications prevented with proper treatment

terminal illness

An illness or injury from which the person will not likely recover

hospice

A health care agency or program that promotes comfort and quality of life for the dying person and the person’s family

hospice pt population

6 months or less to live if the illness follows its normal course

chemical restraint

Any drug used for discipline or convenience and not required to treat medical symptoms

false imprisonment

Unlawful restraint or restriction of a person’s freedom of movement

physical restraint

Any manual method or physical or mechanical device, material, or equipment that:

• Is attached to or near the person’s body

• Cannot be removed easily by the person

• Restricts freedom of movement or normal access to the body

physical restraint examples

leather restraints, vests or body nets

mechanical restraints

restraints attached to a bed or chair

environmental restraints

such as locked rooms or double door handles

enabler

A device that limits freedom of movement but is used to promote independence, comfort, or safety

manual method

to hold or limit voluntary movement by using body contact

remove easily

the manual method, device, material, or equipment used to restrain the person can be removed intentionally by the person in the same manner it was applied by the staff. For example, a person can put bed rails down, untie a knot, or open a buckle. An item that the person cannot remove easily may be a restraint

freedom of movement

any change in place or position of the body or any part of the body that the person can control. An item that restricts freedom of movement or activity may be a restraint.

discipline

any action taken by the agency to punish or penalize a patient or resident. Restraints are not used to discipline a person

convenience

any action taken to control or manage a person’s behavior that requires less effort by the staff. The action is not in the person’s best interests. Restraints are not used for staff convenience.

medical symptom

an indication or characteristic of a physical or psychological condition. A symptom may be physical, emotional, or behavioral.

involuntary seclusion

Separating a person from others against the person’s will, keeping the person to a certain area, or keeping the person away from his or her room without consent. Example - resident confined to their room, staff member blocking the door to an activity room, placing furniture or carts in front of doorways

boundary violation

An act or behavior that meets your needs, not the person’s

boundary violation examples

abuse, keeping secrets with the person, giving a lot of information about yourself, you tell the person about your personal relationships or problems

CNA dos

prioritize patient care, maintain a professional distance, be mindful or non-verbal communication, follow established protocols, seek guidance when needed, recognize when a boundary is crossed

CNA don’ts

engage in dual relationships, overshare personal information, solicit gifts or favors, become emotionally involved, create a dependency, engage in sexual or suggestive behavior, disregard a patient’s concerns

functional nursing

This model assigns specific tasks to individual nurses, such as administering medications, taking vital signs, or bathing patients focuses on efficiency and task completion

team nursing

In this model, a team of nurses, led by a registered nurse (RN), collaborates to provide care for a group of patients. The team works together, with each member contributing to the overall care plan

primary nursing

One RN is responsible for planning, coordinating, and executing the care for a patient group, making decisions and taking action to address patient needs. This model focuses on individualized patient care and continuity of care

total patient care

This model, also known as total patient care or primary nursing, emphasizes individualized care and allows nurses to have direct responsibility for all aspects of a patient's care. Nurses work closely with patients and families, addressing their unique needs and preferences

nursing process

a systematic approach to patient care, is a framework used by both RNs and CNAs

nursing process - RN’s

responsible for the overall care plan, including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation

nursing process - CNA’s

assist with daily tasks and provide data collection under the RN’s supervision

nursing delegation - RN

a process where an RN directs another person (e.g., LPN/LVN, CNA, UAP) to perform specific nursing tasks, while the RN maintains accountability for the outcome. The RN cannot delegate nursing judgment or activities requiring critical decision-making. Delegation helps manage workload, improve teamwork, and ensure patient safety

PAT answers

is a simple, often stock or pre-prepared response that is considered too easy, glib, or evasive, especially when used in response to a serious or complex question. It suggests a lack of genuine thought or depth in the answer, often being given quickly without much reflection. 

elder abuse

Any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person to an older adult that causes harm or serious risk of harm

abuse

The willful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation, or punishment that results in physical harm, pain, or mental anguish

• Depriving the person (or the person’s caregiver) of the goods or services needed to attain or maintain well-being

physical abuse

This is the intentional use of physical force that results in illness, injury, pain, impaired function, distress, or death

financial abuse

The older person’s resources (money, property, assets) are mis-used or stolen. Terms that may be used include:

• Exploitation—mis-use of a person’s money, property, or assets.

• Misappropriation—the illegal, dishonest, unfair, or wrongful use of a person’s money, property, or assets for one’s own use.

emotional or psychological abuse

This is any verbal (oral or written) or nonverbal behavior that causes mental pain, anguish, fear, or distress. Humiliation, harassment, insults, and threats of punishment are examples. Isolation (seclusion) and control (withholding needed resources) are other examples.

sexual abuse

This is forced or unwanted sexual interaction of any kind with an older adult or incapacitated person. (Incapacitated means being unconscious or lacking awareness.) The interaction may be completed or attempted. It may involve touching or non-touching. Unwanted touching, forced nudity, and taking photos or videos are forms of sexual abuse. So is harassing the person about sex or sexuality.

abandonment

Abandon means to leave or desert someone. The person is deserted by someone who is supposed to provide care. Abandonment involves the following 4 points.

• You accept an assignment to care for a person or group of persons.

• You accept the assignment for a certain time period.

• You remove yourself from the care setting—hospital, nursing center, or other agency.

• You do not report off to a staff member who will assume responsibility for care.

assault

Intentionally attempting or threatening to touch a person’s body without the person’s consent

battery

Touching a person’s body without consent

pathogen

A microbe that is harmful and can cause an infection

asepsis

The absence (a) of disease-producing microbes; sepsis means infection

chain of infection

source → reservoir → portal of exit → method of transmission → portal of entry → susceptible host

healthcare-associated infection

an infection that develops in a person cared for in any setting where health care is given. The infection is related to receiving health care. HAIs also are called nosocomial infections. (Nosocomial comes from the Greek word for hospital.)

common sites of HAIs

urinary system, respiratory system, wounds and surgical sites or the bloodstream

infection control

Practices and procedures that prevent the spread of infection

disinfection

The process of killing pathogens