BIS 2C plant phylogeny

Conifers

-growth form: tree

-male and female cones (strobili) on same plants

-narrow, simple megaphylls

Gingkos

-Growth form: trees

-male and female strobili on separate plants

-simple megaphylls with dichotomous branching of veins

Ferns

-gametophyte and sporophyte are independent

-sporangia produced in sori on megasporophylls

-young megaphylls converge as "fiddleheads"

Angiosperms

-male and female sporophyte on same strobilus

-megaphylls with netted veins

-double fertilization and endosperm (3N)

Gnetophytes (gnetum and welwitschia)

-male and female strobili on separate plants

-simple megaphylls, opposite on stem

-"bizzare and enigmatic"

Eudicots

reproductive parts in multiples of 4 or 5

Equisetum

-sporangia produced in strobilus at stem tips

-whorled tiny leaves derived from megaphylls

-hollow stem

Before moss branches off

-stomata (in sporophyte)

-apical cell with 3 cutting faces with 3-D growth

Liverworts

-male and female gametes produced on separate stalked structures

-sporophyte totally dependent on gametophyte

-simple sporophyte with single sporangium

-dichotomous branching of gametophyte

Ancestor of choleochaete and chara

-gametes of different sizes: egg and sperm

-haploid (haplontic) life cycle: zygote retained (not in jacket) undergoes meiosis

-apical cell with 1 cutting face

-1-D growth

Cycads

-male and female strobili on separate plants

-large compound megaphylls

Mosses

-male and female gametes produced at apex of gametophyte

-sporophyte can do photosynthesis

-more complex sporophyte has stalk, single sporangium, and lid

-gametophyte has leaf-like structure

Psilotum

-sporangia (3-lobed) produced at stem nodes

-leaves lost or extremely reduced

-dichotomous branching of stem

Vascular plants

-vascular tissue: phloem and xylem

-sporophyte dominant

Lycophytes

-sporangia produced on strobili

-dichotomous branching of stem

-microphylls

Land plants

-cuticle

-apical cell with 2-D growth

-egg formed and zygote retained in jacket of sterile cells

-alternation of generations life cycle: zygote undergoes mitosis to form 2N sporophyte

-gametophyte dominant

-homospory

Chara

-egg formed and zygote retained in simple jacket of sterile cells

-new apical cells form along filament to form branched filament

Before monilophytes branch off

-overlapping and lateral branching of stem

-chloroplast DNA inversion

Hornworts

-elongate, photosynthetic sporophyte

-sporophyte with stomata

seed plants

-seeds

-BVC

-heterospory: spores retained

-gametophytes reduced and dependent on sporophyte

-male gametophyte dispersed and makes pollen tube

Choleochaete

-apical cells form along filament to form branched filament

-apical cells divided into 2 apical cells to form "pancake" growth

Monocots

-reproductive parts in multiples of 3

-megaphylls with parallel veins

-loss of BVC