CH20: GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

what things does gram (-) bacilli have

a. LPS/endotoxins

b, endospore

c. exotoxins

a and c

Pseudomonas (general)

• Are they motile?

• Can they be a problem in standard households?

• Are they coliforms?

• yes bc use single flagella

• yes

• no

AEROBIC AND NON-ENTERIC

1. What are a couple examples of where I would find these bacteria?

2. Do any of these form endospores?

3. Are they all true pathogens?

• animals, water, soil, air

• no

• no, bc some are opportunistic

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1. Habitat?

2. Are they a problem with respiratory equipment in the hospitals?

3. Can they cause nosocomial infections?

• soil, water

• Yes

• YES, ex IV solution and anesthesia equipment

• Rash

• UTI

• Ear infection from hot tub/pools

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• grape odor

pseudomonas aeruginosa

• pyocyanin color

pseudomonas aeruginosa

is Pseudomonas aeruginosa hard to treat with drugs?

YES bc multidrug resistance

loofa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Brucellosis

associated with which animal…

• brucella abortus =

• brucella suis = ____

• brucella mellitus = ____

  a. which one affects humans?

cattle, pigs, sheep, mellitus

brucellosis

• How is it transmitted?

• What is the characteristic symptom?

  • What causes this? 

• How is the bacterium specifically transmitted to humans?

  • Which is most common?

• How is brucellosis prevented (2 ways)

• animal to human

• undulant fever (on and off fever)

• endotoxin

• ingestion, inhalation, skin wound

• ingestion

• vaccinate the ANIMAL source + pasteurization

What is one way of preventing zoonotic diseases?

• thorough hand washing

• Dont eat undercooked meat/raw dairy/unpastueurized dairy

can localize in the mammary glands = which is why dairy paesutrization is needed

brucellosis

What kind of brucellosis infection would result from occupational hazards of HANDLING infected animals?

ex: vets

wound infection

zoonotic disease

brucellosis, tularemia, leptospirosis

from rabbit

tularemia

How is tularemia acquired?

1. inhalation

2. bite from?

3. skin contact with what infected animal?

4. drinking ___

• tick/fly

• rabbit

• contaminated water

can transmission of tularemia person to person?

NO

tularemia

• What symptoms results from infection from skin contact with infected animals?

• Is this a concern for the CDC as a potential bioterrorism agent?

• skin ulcer and high fever

• YES possible bioterrorism agent

“whooping cough” from infected resp.tract

pertussis

bordatella pertussis

• Who is the reservoir? 

• How is it transmitted?

• What age group is most affected?

• Which age group are severe cases usually in?

• specific name of vaccine to prevent severe cases?

  
  

• healthy carriers

• inhalation or direct contact

• 1-4 y/o

• infant less than 1yo

• dtap

Bordatella petussis

• know: increase of mucous production + damage to ciliated epithelial cells = you need to cough to expel cells but are cant bc damaged epithelial cells

• 4 stages of pertussis:

  • which stage has no SX

  • which stage is person super contagious and has cold-like SX

  • which stage has clear mucus and uncontrolled coughing (paroxysms)

  • which stage does bacteria number decreases + ciliated lining repairs itself
    

• incubation

• catarral phase

• paroxsymal phase

• convalescence phase

for whooping cough..

• which vaccine is for infants/children?

• which vaccine is for parents/adults?

Dtap, Tdap

Legionella pneumophila

• 2 disease caused?

  • which one is more severe?

• where does it get its name?

• What age group is more affected?

• In what environment distributes this bacterium?

  Ex: AC cooling towers, evaporative coolers, spas, moist showers, supermarket veggie sprayers

• pontiac fever and legionella pneumonia

• legionella pneumonia

• philly convention people got sick in 1970s

• men over 50 yo

• widely distributed water

Legionella pneumophilia

4. What organism lives in an associated with this disease?  

5. How is it transmitted?

   • is it also communicable?

amoeba, air water droplets, NOT communicable (human to human)

coliforms

enterobacteriae

Enterobacteriaceae

• habitat/found where?

• what is their role in causing nosocomial infections?

• 2 divisions?

• Soil, water, decaying matter, large poops of animals, human poop

• 50% of nosocomial infections

• coliforms (lactose fermenters) and noncoliforms (non-lactose fermenters)

responsible for 50% of nosocomial infections

enterobacteriae

• do both coliforms and non-coliforms ferment glucose?

YES

enterobacteriae

• What kinds of media is used to screen samples for pathogens?

• What are “enterics”?

• Say where it is:

  • Gastritis = ___

  • Enteritis = ___

  • Colitis = ___

• differential, selective, enrichment

• organisms occupying GI tract

diseases caused by enterics

• ___disease (more common)

  • Sx?

• ___disease = inflames colon wall

• ___disease= relates to infant diarrhea

• __disease (most invasive)

  • uses what toxin?

  • sx?

• enterotoxigenic disease

• watery diarrhea

• enteroinvasive disease

• enteropassive disease

• enterohemmoragic disease

• shiga toxin

• dysentry

most common enteric species?

ecoli

Escherichia coli 

• Where is it located?

• Is it fastidious?

• What diseases can it cause?

• How do they contribute to number of UTI cases?

• What are coliform counts an indicator of?

• gut

• non-fastidious

• gastroenteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, UTI

• big contributor

• indicator of poo contaminated water

Escherichia coli 

• primary pathogen or opportunistic?

• How are pathogenic strains differentiated from one another?

  1. Infantile diarrhea

     • acquired how?

     • does pepto-bismol work for infants?

  2. Travelers diarrhea

     • acquired how?

• both but mainly opportunistic

• antigens (H, K, O)

• ingestion

• no

• contaminated food/water

Escherichia coli

• 2 ways UTIs acquired?

• What ingested contaminated material results in bloody diarrhea?

• Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) can lead to what type of failure?

  • What is the cause of its pathogenicity?

• nosocomial and normal flora

• contaminated undercooked meat

• kidney failture

• shiga toxin

uses shiga toxin

• Hemolytic uremic syndrome from ecoli

• shigella

uses shiga-dupe toxin

e.coli: Serotype O157:H7 

E. coli: Serotype O157:H7 

• SX

• How is it transmitted?

• toxin produced?

• bloody diarrhea, UTI, septicemia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

• Poop-contaminated fruit juice, undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized dairy

• shiga-dupe toxin

• undercooked ground beef

• Poop-contaminated fruit juice

• unpasteurized dairy

ecoli serotype O157 H7

E.coli serotype O157 H7

• How do you prevent infections that lead to diarrhea? 

• where is Klebsiella pneumonia found?

  • What can it cause?

• dont eat rare ground beef

• intestine and resp.tracr

• pneumonia

red pigement called ____ is found from???

• is this from coliform or noncoliform

serratia merccescnes, coliform

Non-coliform enterics

• Which species of Salmonella is the MOST SERIOUS species?

  • What does it cause?

  • How is it acquired?

  • What kind of damage is caused to the small intestine?

• salmonella typhi

• typhoid fever

• contaminated water/food, close contact, carriers

• ulcers and hemorrhages in small intestine

ulcers and hemorrhages in small intestine

typhoid fever, shigella

• who was Typhoid Mary?

• What organ is removed from carriers?

household cook with repeated exposure to typhoid, gallbladder

salmonella typhi

• what animals should be handled carefully to prevent animal salmonella?

• What are a couple ways to prevent infection:

  • Cook foods well and proper food sanitation safety

  • avoid any raw egg/raw egg recipes

  • NEVER used cracked egg

poultry, cattle, dairy, rodents, reptiles

 Shigella 

• Does perforation (pierces hole) occur in the intestine?

• What is the name of the toxin produced?

  • is this endo or exotoxin?

  • what does this cause?

• is this similar to what is seen in E. coli 0157:H7?

• NO

• shiga toxin

• exotoxin

• inflammation/ulcers of small intestine + degenerates villi

• YES

Shigella dysenteriae

• will cause?

• SX?

• shigellosis/dysentry (aka bloody diarrhea)

• inflamed colon with degenerated vili

• inflamed colon and degenerated vili

shigellosis/dysentry

“black death”

yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis (“black death”)

• is this enteric or nonenteric?

• 3 clinical manifestations?

• What animal population is plague found in?

• insect vector of this disease?

• nonenteric

• bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, septicemic plague

• Wild, semi-domestic, domestic animals + humans too duh

• fleas

Yersinia pestis (“black death”)

1. Bubonic plague

   • acquired?

   • 2 main SX?

2. Pneumonic plague: progressed version of bubonic plague

   • infection of the?

   • is it super contagious?

3. septicemic plague: due to untreated bubonic and pneumonic

   • MOST FATAL

   • releases ____toxins = darkens skin = hence “black death”

• flea bite

• bubo and purpura

• lung

• YES

• endo

which version of black death is most contagious + communicable?

pneumonic plague

Oxidase-Positive Nonenteric Pathogen?

haemophilus

Haemophilus influenzae

• what does this cause?

• vaccine?

  • what strain does it target?

• acute bacterial meningitis

• HIB vaccine

• group B strain

• causes chanroid disease

  • SX: LOCAL SOFT chancre (ulcer)

  • type of STI

  • painfulllll

Haemophilus ducreyi

pink eye (aka communicable conjunctivitis)

haemophilus aegyptius

• which type of toxin (endo or exo) causes watery diarrhea?

• which type of toxin (endo or exo) causes bloody diarrhea (dysentry)?

• enterotoxin (type of exotoxin)

• shiga toxin (type of exotoxin)

• is Yersinia enterocolitica is enteric or nonenteric?

  • causes? 

  • Infection can mimic what?

• enteric

• inflamed large and small intestine

• appendicitis

are all ecoli the same viruence?

NO bc enterotoxigenic disease is mild VS enterohemmoragic disease is severe