AP Lang SEMESTER ONE FINAL

Exigence

The specific occasion/event that prompted the message to be spoken/written.

Purpose

Why the speaker is conveying the message.

Audience

Who the writer is speaking to

Speaker

the character/persona of the writer(poet, comedian, scholar, expert, etc.)

Context

the circumstances surrounding the situation

Message

What the writer wants the audience to think or know

Line or Reasoning

the logical, organizational sequence of ideas a writer uses to support their thesis, connecting evidence and reasoning in a way that is persuasive

Counterargument

An opposing view or argument that challenges the writer’s claim

Concede

acknowledging the validity of an opposing argument to show fairness or build credibility

Refute

to disapprove or invalidate an opposing argument with evidence or reasoning

Rebuttal

A response that counts or weakens an objection or counterargument

Validity

The quality of being logically sound and well-founded

Provide the three appeals as well as their meaning or intention.

• Ethos-appeals to shared beliefs/values

• Pathos-appeals to emotion

• Logos-Appeals to logic or Reason

There are eleven types of evidence. Provide all eleven types

• Details

• Facts

• Statistics

• Illustrations

• Anecdotes

• Analogies

• Personal Observations

• Personal Experiences

• Expert Opinions

• Testimonies

• Experiments

There are eight provided examples of argumentative organization. List all eight examples.

• Compare +Contrast

• Cause + Effect

• Problem/Solution

• Logical by Claims/Reasons

• Chronological Order

• Order or Importance

• Combination

• Description

Provide the four modes or writing.

• Argumentation

• Exposition

• Narration

• Description

Typical Approach

• Audience thinks like the speaker

• Audience shares some similar values, beliefs, maybe even needs

• Purpose is agreeable

• Needs to be urged to action

Choose Your Details Well

• How much specificity is needed?

• Are there details that show the writer or speaker in a better light?

• What obvious gaps must be filled in order to achieve your purpose?

Say it So It’s Received the Way You Intended

• Consider the mode

• Consider your audience

• Consider how your audience may respond to your mode

Line of Reasoning

What are the three considerations for including evidence within the Line of Reasoning Hierarchy?

• Consider the evidence that’s appropriate for the rhetorical situation

• Consider a variety of evidence that establishes different rhetorical appeals

• Consider how you want to present the evidence and in which order

The Classic

1. Introduction

2. Body 1: Argument 1

3. Body 2: Argument 2

4. Body 3: Counterargument

   a. “detailing an objection” OR “ making a concession”

   b. “meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation.”

5. Conclusion

The Diffuser

1. Introduction

2. Body 1: Counterargument

   a. “detail Objection(s)” OR “making concession(s)”

3. Body 2: Argument 1(“meeting an objection” OR “refuting a concession”)

4. Body 3: Argument 2(“meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation”)

5. Conclusion

The Analyzer

1. Introduction

2. Body 1: Argument 1

   a.) counterargument 1

   i.)”detailing an objection” OR “ making a concession”

   ii.)”meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation” (rebuttal)

3. Body 3: Argument 3

   a.) counterargument 1

   i.)”detailing an objection” OR “ making a concession”

   ii.)”meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation” (rebuttal)

4. Body 3: Argument 3.

   a.) counterargument 1

   i.)”detailing an objection” OR “ making a concession”

   ii.)”meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation” (rebuttal)

5. Conclusion

The Aggressor

1. Introduction

2. Body 1: Counterargument 1

   a.) “detailing an objection” OR ”making a concession”

   b.)”meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation”

3. Body 2: Counterargument 2

   a.) “detailing an objection” OR ”making a concession”

   b.)”meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation”

4. Body 3: Counterargument 3

   a.) “detailing an objection” OR ”making a concession”

   b.)”meeting an objection” OR “making a refutation”

5. Conclusion