Key Terms (Units 1-6)

What is the major world religion that believes Allah transmitted his words through the prophet Muhammad?

Islam

Which sect of Islam believes Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the Ummayad empire?

Shiite

Which sect of Islam believes that leaders of the Ummayad empire should be drawn from a broad base of people?

Sunni

What is the Holy Book revered by Muslims as the exact words of Allah?

Qu’ran (Koran)

What are the five commands that Muslims must follow called?

Five Pillars of Islam

What is an Islamic theocracy ruled by a central figure called?

Caliphate

What is the separate branch of Christianity influenced by Eastern culture known as?

Orthodox Christianity

What was the strict hierarchical system of the Middle Ages in Europe called?

Feudalism

Who were the people belonging to the lowest level of the feudal hierarchy?

Serfs (peasants)

What honor system strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect?

Code of chivalry

What deadly epidemic facilitated the shift toward a commercial economy in Europe?

Bubonic plague

What was the document that reinstated feudal rights of the nobles and laid the foundation for the Parliament?

Magna Carta

What was the system utilized by the T’ang dynasty where independent countries acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese emperor?

Tribute system

What was the administrative system founded by the Han dynasty where government officials were selected through competitive examination?

Civil service

What practice involved binding women's feet for beauty and was first used in elite families?

Foot binding

What strict code of conduct in Feudal Japan emphasized loyalty, courage, and honor?

Code of Bushido

What was the kingdom established in northern India by Islamic invaders called?

Delhi Sultanate

What tax did non-Muslims pay in Islamic states for refusing to convert to Islam?

Jizya tax

What monotheistic religion values both Islam and Hinduism but disavows the caste system?

Sikhism

What type of agriculture was utilized by the Aztecs consisting of small rectangular areas of fertile land?

Chinampas

What ancient Inca device for recording information used knotted threads?

Quipu

What is the belief that all things possess a spirit or essence prevalent in ancient tribal cultures?

Animism

Which 6th-century Chinese philosophy teaches that humans must follow the Cosmic Dao?

Daoism

Who is believed to have transmitted the words of Allah (God) within Islam?

Muhammad

What city was significant to Muhammad's early life and diverse beliefs?

Mecca

What was the capital city of the Abbasid Dynasty and a great cultural center?

Baghdad

Who were the Islamic mystics that framed Islam as a personal relationship with Allah?

Sufis

What enormous cathedral built in Constantinople is a symbol of the flourishing arts?

Hagia Sophia

What were the Scandinavian raiders known for their sea-based raids called?

Vikings

What conflict lasted from 1337-1453 between England and France?

Hundred Years’ War

Who was one of the greatest rulers of the Islamic Mali empire known for his extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca?

Mansa Musa

What was the capital city of the Aztecs known for its expansionism?

Tenochtitlan

What civilization was known for its architecture, mathematics, and fully developed written language?

Maya

What powerful city-state served as a religious hub by 400 A.D. before its eventual collapse?

Teotihuacán

Who is considered the Son of God in Christianity?

Jesus Christ

What title is given to Siddhartha Gautama, who founded Buddhism after attaining Enlightenment?

The Buddha

What were the safe trade routes connecting ports in western India to eastern Africa called?

Indian Ocean trade

What ancient network of trade routes connected the East and West known for trading silk and porcelain?

Silk Road

What period of economic and social stabilization throughout Eurasia was ushered in by the Mongol Empire?

Pax Mongolica

What are bustling towns serving as hand-off points for commodities called?

Oasis towns

What seasonal change provided dependable winds for merchants on the Indian Ocean?

Monsoon season

What triangle-shaped sail allowed merchants on the Indian Ocean trade routes to harness the winds?

Lateen sail

What Persian irrigation system utilized gravity through gently-sloped tunnels?

Qanat system

What term describes a large group of people with similar heritage scattered around the world?

Diaspora

What type of sailing vessel was used by merchants on the Indian Ocean trade routes?

Dhow

What large groups of people used camels to trade across the African desert?

Camel caravan

What inns provided accommodation for traveling caravans in the desert?

Caravanserai

What valuable and lucrative good traded along the Silk Road originated in China?

Silk

Who are the militaristic nomads who formed a massive empire under Genghis Khan?

Mongols

What was the military and organizational genius who unified the Mongol tribes called?

Genghis Khan

What empire spanned from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe under Genghis Khan?

Mongol Empire

What term describes the different hordes of Mongols that split from Genghis Khan's leadership?

Khanate

What Turkic Khanate conquered a large chunk of Russia for over two centuries?

Golden Horde

Who succeeded Genghis Khan and ruled over the Yuan dynasty in China?

Kublai Khan

Who was the founder of the late 14th-century Timurid Empire and wanted to revive the Mongol Empire?

Tamerlane

Who is recognized as one of the greatest Malian rulers known for his extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca?

Mansa Musa

Who was the Venetian merchant known for recording his travels in China?

Marco Polo

Who was the Muslim legal scholar who wrote accounts of his travels across the Islamic world?

Ibn Battuta

What Islamic Empire played an influential role in the gold and salt trade within Africa?

Mali Empire

What economically powerful Islamic urban trade centers were connected to lucrative trade routes?

Swahili City-States

What period of trade and technological innovation is known as the Golden Ages of China?

Tang/Song China

What was the first foreign-led dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan?

Yuan Dynasty

What military expeditions were sanctioned by Western European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land?

The Crusades

What city in the Mali Empire acted as a trading post on the Trans-Saharan trade routes?

Timbuktu

What was the piece of paper sold by the Catholic Church to reduce time in purgatory?

Indulgences

What order of Roman Catholic priests aimed to support the Church against the Protestant Reformation?

Jesuits

What term describes the Sunni Muslim leader of the Ottoman Empire?

Sultan

What term describes the Shi’a Muslim leader of the Safavid Empire?

Shah

What religiously tolerant Islamic empire ruled over the Indian subcontinent?

Mughal Empire

What group took control of the Chinese government following the fall of the Ming dynasty?

Manchus

What was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Manchu people?

Qing Dynasty

What Shi’a Muslim empire conquered the Persian region and oversaw the Golden Era of modern-day Iran?

Safavid Empire

What mostly religiously tolerant empire conquered the Christian Byzantine Empire?

Ottoman Empire

What system required conquered Christians to give children to the Ottoman Empire?

Devshirme

What term describes the Mughal Empire, Safavid Empire, and Ottoman Empire due to their control over firearms?

Gunpowder Empire

What theological movement critiqued Church practices and challenged the Pope’s authority?

Protestant Reformation

Who was the German Christian monk who publicly outlined frustrations with the Church's practices?

Martin Luther

What reforms did the Catholic Church implement in response to the Protestant Reformation?

Counter-Reformation

Who was the King of England that renounced the Roman Catholic Church?

King Henry VIII

Who founded the Society of Jesuits to restore faith in the Church by exemplifying Jesus' teachings?

Ignatius Loyola

Who was considered the greatest Mughal emperor known for tax reforms and religious tolerance?

Akbar the Great

Who was the Ottoman emperor that helped usher in a Golden Age and conquered the Byzantine Empire?

Suleiman the Great

Who was the late 17th Century Russian tsar who modernized social and political systems in Russia?

Peter the Great

What mechanical device helped print text or graphics to paper, first appearing in Europe around 1450?

Printing Press

What is the belief called that a ruler's authority comes directly from God?

Divine Right

What was the system that taxed local Native Americans while promising protection and conversion to Christianity?

Encomienda System

What was the voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean called?

Middle Passage

What semi-feudal government unified Japan under one family's rule?

Tokugawa Shogunate

What type of company consisted of a group of shareholders contributing to international trade?

Joint Stock Company

What government-chartered company controlled the spice trade in the East Indies?

Dutch East India Company

What joint-stock company controlled life in India for over 200 years?

British East India Company

What economic policy aimed to increase wealth and power by obtaining gold and selling more than bought?

Mercantilism

What term describes representatives of the Spanish monarch in colonial empires?

Viceroys

Who were Spanish-born individuals who came to Latin America and held the highest social class?

Peninsulares

What form of Japanese poetry consists of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables?

Haiku

What intellectual movement during the Renaissance focused on human potential and achievements?

Humanism

What 17th and 18th-century movement advocated for the use of reason in social institutions?

Enlightenment

What era in Renaissance England was marked by the rule of Queen Elizabeth I?

Elizabethan Era

What organization looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing religions other than Catholicism?

Spanish Inquisition

What was the Central European war starting due to Catholic imposition on Protestant countries?

Thirty Years’ War