Parasitology Test 3

Pentastomida

which arthropod is the tongue worm?

crustacea

which arthropod are the copepods?

arachnidia

which arthropod class are mites and ticks apart of?

insects

which arthropod class are flies and gnats apart of?

relatively small size and chitinous exoskeleton

which 2 structural features make arthropods successful in survival?

nasal and respiratory passages of reptiles, birds, and mammals

where does Armillifer amillatus live?

no

does Armillifer armillatus have a circulatory or respiratory system?

europe, africa, south and central america

where does most of Armillifer armillatus occur?

ingestion of eggs from ingesting raw vegetables, contaminated water, consuming raw/undercooked infected animals

how is Armillifer armillatus transmissed?

Halzoun Syndrome

• attachment of adult pentasomes to nasopharyngeal tissue

• cause pharyngeal discomfort, paroxysmal coughing, sneezing, dysphagia, and vomiting

• biopsy/autopsy

• calcified larvae may be viewed by radiograph

how is Armillifer armillatus diagnosed?

surgical removal

how is Armillifer armillatus treated?

• thorough cooking of meat/vegetables

• avoid contaminated water

how is Armillifer armillatus prevented?

human itch mite

what is the common name for Sarcoptes scabiei?

Sarcoptes scabiei

which mite causes scabies/mange?

• direct contact (sexual transfer, shared clothing)

• crowded conditions

how is Sarcaptes scabiei transmitted?

intense pruritus

what leads to excoriation?

mite in skin scrapings

how is Sarcoptes scabiei diagnosed?

• 1% benzene hexachloride (lindane)

• 5% permethrin cream (elimite)

how is Sarcoptes scabiei treated?

• hygiene habits

• routine washing of clothes and bed linens

how is Sarcoptes scabiei prevented?

human follicle mites

what is the common name for Demodex folliculorum?

hair follicle of the face

where does Demodex folliculorum parasitize?

can be visualized from infested follicle using microscopy

how can Demodex folliculorum be diagnosed/seen?

1% benzene hexachloride

how is Demodex folliculorum treated?

• leathery body

• lack dorsal scutum

• mouthparts located ventrally

• complete engorgement in matter of minutes to few hours

characteristics of soft ticks

• hard dorsal plate (scutum)

• mouthparts are visible

• feed slowly

characteristics of hard ticks

american dog tick— hard tick

what is the common name for Dermacentor virabilis?

dogs, cats, cattle, rodents, primates, raccoons

what are the definitive hosts of Dermacentor virabilis?

rabbits

what is the intermediate host of Dermacentor virabilis?

rocky mountain wood tick

what is the common name for Dermacentor andersoni?

saliva contains a neurotoxin that can occasionally cause tick paralysis

why can humans not feel/sense when the Dermacentor andersoni is feeding?

2-3 years

how long does Dermacentor andersoni take to complete their life cycle?

dogs, cats, cattle, rodents, horses, pigs, rabbits, birds, primates

what are the definitive hosts of Ixodes scapularis?

rabbits, rodents, reptiles

what are the intermediate hosts of Ixodes scapularis?

blacklegged/deer tick

what is the common name of the Ixodes scarularis tick?

• lyme disease

• anaplamosis

• babesiosis

• Powassan disease

what diseases is the Ixodes scapularis responsible for?

brown dog tick

what is the common name for Rhipicephalus sanguineus?

dogs, rodents, rabbits, primates

what are the definitive hosts for Rhipicephalus sanguineus?

dogs, rodents, rabbits

what are the intermediate hosts of Rhicpicephalus sanguineus?

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

which tick is responsible for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Gulf Coast Tick

what is the common name for Amblyomma maculatum?

Amblyomma maculatum

which tick is responsible for the spread of Rickettsia parkeri?

lone star tick

what is the common name for Amblyomma americanum?

cats, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rodents, primates

what are the definitive hosts for Amblyomma americanum?

cats, rodents, rabbits

what are the intermediate hosts for Amblyomma americanum?

• tularemia

• ehrlichiosis

• STARI

• alpha-gal syndrome

which diseases are caused by Amblyomma americanum?

western black-legged tick

what is the common name of Ixodes pacificus?

• lyme disease

• anaplasmosis

what diseases are caused by Ixodes pacificus?

Rickettsia akari

what bacteria causes Rickettsial pox?

• american dog tick

• Liponyssoides sanguines

what spreads rickettsial pox?

Francisella tularensis

what bacteria causes Tularemia?

• american dog tick

• rocky mountain wood tick

• lone star tick

• deer flies

what spreads Tularemia?

ulceroglandular

what form of tularemia has an ulcer accompanied by swelling of regional lymph glands and is the most common form of tularemia?

glandular

what type of tularemia is acquired through the bite of an infected tick or deer fly or from handling sick/dead animals?

oculoglandular

which type of tularemia does bacteria enter through the eye and cause irritation and inflammation?

oropharyngeal

which type of tularemia causes a sore throat, mouth ulcers, tonsillitis, and swells the lymph glands in the neck?

pneumonic

which type of tularemia is the most serious that causes cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing?

typhoidal

which type of tularemia is a combination of general symptoms but does not localize?

in the saliva while tick is feeding

how are rickettsiae transmitted in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

• fever

• rash

• headache

• nausea

• abdominal pain

• muscle pain

• lack of appetite

what are the clinical signs of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

how is ehrlichiosis treated?

with doxycycline

lone star tick

how is ehrlichiosis transmitted?

1-2 weeks after bite

when do symptoms of ehrlichiosis occur?

Borrelia burgdorferi

what bacteria causes Lyme Disease?

36-48 hrs

how long must the tick be attached before the bacterium is transmitted in Lyme Disease?

immature tick (nymphs)

what type of tick infects humans for Lyme Disease?

doxycyclie, amoxicillin, and cefuroxime axetil

how is Lyme Disease treated?

Anaplasma phagocytophilium

what bacteria causes anaplasmosis?

Southern tick-associated rash illness

what illness is related to Lyme Disease?

red, expanding “bull’s eye” lesion

what lesion appears with STARI?

fatigue, headache, fever, and muscle pain

what are the symptoms of STARI?

Coltivirus

what dsRNA virus causes Colorado Tick Fever?

3-6 days

when do symptoms begin with Colorado tick fever?

• feeling weak, muscle ache

• headache behind eyes

• nausea and vomiting

• rash

• light sensitivity

• skin pain

what are the symptoms of Colorado tick fever?

RNA virus Flavivirus

what virus causes Powassan disease?

northeastern U.S.

where does Powassan disease occur?

• fever

• headache

• vomiting

• weakness

• confusion

• seizures

• memory loss

what are the symptoms of Powassan disease?

there is no specific treatment, treat the symptoms

how is Powassan disease treated?

lice

_____________ have no free-living stages and soon die when separated from host

Pediculus humanus capitis

which kind of lice live in human hair, in warm surroundings?

ovicidal or non-ovicidal pediculicide

how is head lice and body lice treated?

Pediculus humanus corporis

what lice spend most of their time on the underclothing, next to the body, particularly along the seams?

Pthirus pubis

which lice is found mostly in the hair of the pubic area?

sexual contact, toilet seats, in beds

how is crab lice transmitted?

1% permethrin mousse

how is crab louse treated?

Rickettsia prowazekii

what bacteria causes Typhus?

Bartonella quintana

what bacteria causes Trench Fever?

Pediculus humanus humanus

what transmits Trench Fever?

contamination of abraded skin with louse feces or a crushed louse or by inhalation of louse feces

how does infection with Trench Fever occur?

Borrelia recurrentis

what causes Relapsing Fever?

Yersinia pestis

what bacteria causes Xenopsylla cheopis?

Bubonic

which plague causes swollen buboes?

Pneumonic

which plague produces a pneumonia-like disease that develops rapidly and is highly contagious to other people?

Septicemic

which plague is a blood infection with little or no prior lymph node swelling

encephalitis

what is inflammation of the brain called?

extrinsic incubation period

what is the time interval between infection of vector and first transmission of pathogen by vector called?

transovarial transmission

what is an infection of eggs in ovaries of an infected female vector leading to new vector infection called?

“dead-end” host

what is it called when a host does not develop high titer of pathogens—will not infect vectors?

transports and dissemination of infectious agents

how does rainfall promote disease?

sewage treatment plants overflow; water sources contaminated

how does flooding promote disease?