Chapter 32: Plant Reproduction

complete flowers

have all four whorls

incomplete flowers

lack one or more of the whorls

perfect flowers

flowers with both gynoecium and androecium

imperfect flowers

flowers with either gynoecium or androecium

superior ovary

ovary further away from the stem — above connection of other parts

inferior ovary

ovary closer to the stem — below the connection of other parts

four microsporangia (pollen sacs)

what is found in an immature anther?

pollen grains

what do microsporangia in anthers give rise to?

pollen grain

male gametophyte

pollen tube cell and generative cell

what are the two components of a mature pollen grain cell?

7 cells with 8 nuclei

the female gametophyte is composed of how many cells with how many nuclei?

limits self-fertilization

why are female cones located towards the top of gymnosperms and males towards the bottom?

rely on wind for disperal

why do male gymnosperms produce so much pollen?

angiosperms are enclosed in sporophyte tissue and gymnosperms are exposed

how are angiosperm and gymnosperm female gametophytes different?

angiosperms have double fertilization and gymnosperms have single

how is fertilization different in angiosperms vs. gymnosperms?

angiosperms are in the same flower and gymnosperms are separate cones

how are gametophytes different between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

angiosperms use animal pollination and gymnosperms use wind pollination

how is pollination different in angiosperms vs gymnosperms?

pollination

the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

self and cross

what are the two types of pollination?

self-pollination

pollen from a flower’s anthers pollinates the stigma of the same flower

cross-pollination

pollen from another anther of one flower pollinated flower on another plant; outcrossing

promotes diversity

why can outcrossing be adventageous?

stable environments

when is self-pollination beneficial to a plant?

separation of male and female structures, temporal separation of maturation, and genetic self-incompatibility

what are some strategies to promote outcrossing?

dioecious 

plants that only produce pollen or ovules 

monoecious

plants that produce both male and female structures on the same plant

bees

what is the most common pollinator for insect-pollinated angiosperms?

yellow and blue with markings to indicate nectar

what are some features of flowers that bees visit?

butterflies

what pollinators visit flowers with flat landing platforms?

moths

what pollinators visit white, heavily scented flowers?

birds

what types of pollinators visit flowers that produce large amounts of nectar?

true 

T/F: flower morphology has coevolved with the pollinators

double fertilization

in angiosperms, one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a 2n zygote and another sperm fertilizes the central cell to form 3n endosperm

embryo’s metabolic activities cease

what happens when the seed coat forms?

environmental conditions signal embryo to germinate

germination cannot occur until?

exposed to fire, sufficient water, or pass through intestines of birds/mammals

what are some conditions that might signal to the embryo to germinate?

fruits

mature ovaries

propagated asexually

how can fruits reproduce without seeds?

prior sporophyte generation, remnants of female gametophyte, the next sporophyte generation, and the endosperm

what four genetically distinct genotypes do fruits contain?

pericarp

the ovary wall

exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp 

what are the three layers of the pericarp?

simple fruits

fruits with one carpel; acorn

aggregate fruits

fruits with numerous separate carpels; blackberries

multiple fruits

fruits with multiple flowers fused into 1 fruit; pineapple

ingestion, hooking spines, burial, blowing in wind, and floating on water 

what are some ways that fruit gets dispersed?

mitosis

what process do fruits use for asexual reproduction?

harsh environments because already adapted

in what type of environments is asexual reproduction more common and why?

apomixis

asexual development of a diploid embryo in the ovule; gain the advantage of seed dispersal

vegetative reproduction

new plant individuals are cloned from parts of adults

rhizomes, suckers, and runners and stolons

what are some examples of asexual reproduction in plants?

woody plants

what type of plants tend to live the longest?

annual plants

a plant that completes its entire life cycle in one growing season, from seed to flower to seed, and then dies

biennial plants 

a plant that completes its life cycle in two years

perennial plants

a plant that lives for more than two or three years, returning season after season

monocarpic plants

plants produce flowers once in their life and then die

polycarpic

plants flower many times