BLI
Consists of blood, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue
Blood is the transporting fluid of our body
Lymphatic system: both transport system and “barracks” of our immune system
Study of blood: Hematology
Study of Immune System: Immunology
3 functions of blood
Transportation
Regulation
protection
plasma
The liquid part of blood
55% of blood’s volume
Yellow, straw colored
90% water, 10% (nutrients, salt, oxygen, hormones)
Plasma protein contain:
Albumin: protein that helps keep correct amount of water in blood
Fibrinogen: substance needed for blood clotting
Globulins: proteins that form antibodies for protection from infection
red blood cells
Also called erythrocytes
Round, doughnut shape, no nucleus (can’t reproduce), created by bone marrow, called hematopoiesis
Transport O2 and CO2 with an iron-containing red pigment called hemoglobin
Lack of O2 stimulates production of RBCs
Hemoglobin-protein
Surface proteins determine blood type (A, B, AB, O)
Spleen recycles old RBCs
white blood cells
Also known as leukocytes
13-21 day lifespan, destroyed by lymph system, produced in bone marrow, about 6 billion
5 types, 2 classifications
Able to leave blood vessels
Pass through capillary walls
Provide protection against bacteria, viruses, toxins
granulocytes
contain granules in cytoplasm
Neutrophils- 50-70%
Fight off bacteria and infection
Live 10-12 hours
Phagocytes
Eosinophils 1-3%
Allergic response
Parasites
Basophils <1%
Dissolve clots, allergic response and parasites
agranulocytes
no granules
Lymphocytes 20-25%
T cells and B cells
Monocytes 4-8%
Macrophages (can change to dendritic cells in infection and inflammation)
platelets
Also called thrombocytes
Smallest of the formed elements in blood
Colorless
Lifespan 5-9 days
Initiate clotting process, prevent blood loss from injured blood vessels, causes damage vessels to contract
150,000 - 450,000 in bloodstream
type a
40% of population
type b
11%
type ab
4% universal recipients
type o
45%, (38 O+, 7% O- universal donors)
antigens
foreign substance that enters your body are ON the surface of RBC
antibodies
produced by the immune system to fight off antigens are IN the plasma
group a
A antigens on RBC and B antibodies in plasma
group b
B antigens on RBC and A antibodies in plasma
group ab
Both A and B antigens on RBC, no antibodies at all in plasma
group o
No antigens on RBC, both A and B antibodies in your plasma
Rh factor
Rh-protein called antigen found on RBCs
Rh factor inherited
Presence of the Rh factor= Rh-positive, absence of protein = Rh-negative
85% of white Americans, and 95% of African Americans are Rh-positive
immune system
provides the weapons and the troops to protect body from invasion
Antibodies
Antigens
innate immunity
body’s inborn ability to fight infection
1st line of defense, prevents invasion
Cannot “remember” general mechanisms of defense, sometimes kills healthy tissue with pathogens
adaptive immunity
target specific invaders
“Remembers”- improves protective responses by learning and changing
physical barriers
prevents pathogens from invading
Skin- surfaces difficult to penetrate (prevent invaders from getting inside the body)
Mucous membranes- eyes, digestive, respiratory and reproductive system
WBC’s and lymph capillaries trap invaders, fluids associated (tears, saliva, urine, sweat, oil, mucous)
general immune response
Inflammation-increased blood flow and immune cells
complement - marks pathogens for destruction
Non-specific cellular responses
components of immune system
Cells- 2nd line of defense against
WBCs or leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages: perform phagocytosis
Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
b cells
humoral immunity
Move through the bodies humors (blood and lymph)
Differentiate
Memory- stronger and faster response next time
Effectors-fighters; dispatch antibodies
t cells
cellular immune response
Helper-activate immune response, call other cells
Replicate and differentiate
Memory cells
Regulatory cells- tell other cells to stand down, control response
Release cytokines
Specifically one to activate Cytotoxic T cells