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pathophysiology

study of functional changes in the body caused by injury, disorder, or disease

disease

impairment of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

incidence

new cases / population at risk

prevalence

all cases / population at risk

primary level of prevention

prevention

secondary level of prevention

screenings

tertiary level of prevention

treatment

pathogenesis

when diseases first begins to when signs and symptoms start

multifactorial pathogenesis

more than one cause

idiopathic pathogenesis

no known cause

nosocomial pathogenesis

caused by infection in health care setting

iatrogenic pathogenesis

caused by medical treatment

what is cerebral atrophy

reduction in the size of the cells of the brain

what can cause cerebral atrophy (2)

reduced stimulation

injury

what is the goal for cerebral atrophy

maximize function

what is cardiac hypertrophy

increased cardiac muscle mass (increase in myocardial cell size)

what are the two kinds of cardiac hypertrophy

primary

secondary

what causes primary cardiac hypertrophy

genetics (inherited, non-sex linked)

what causes secondary cardiac hypertrophy

underlying condition

what is acromegaly

cellular hyperplasia that leads to excessive growth

does acromegaly occur before or after the epiphyseal plate closure

after

what is the treatment for acromegaly

reduce GH

what is cervical metaplasia & dysplasia

cellular adaptation at the transformation zone of the cervix

what are the clinical manifestations of cervical metaplasia & dysplasia

none (no signs or symptoms)

what is a major risk factor for cervical metaplasia & dysplasia

exposure to HPV

what screenings are important for cervical metaplasia & dysplasia and when should you get them done

pap smear at 21

HPV at 30

how can you prevent cervical metaplasia & dysplasia

HPV vaccine

what is environmental toxin injury & cardiovascular disease

cardiovascular cell injury due to oxidative stress

in toxin injury & cardiovascular disease, what does the oxidative stress lead to

inflammation and cytokine release

what part of the body does toxin injury & cardiovascular disease affect

all body systems, it is systemic

what is the biggest factor to getting toxin injury & cardiovascular disease

smoking

what is the best way to treat toxin injury & cardiovascular disease

quit smoking

what is sinusitis

inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

what causes sinusitis

viral infection

what causes the inflammation in sinusitis

the blockage

what kind of a response is a burn

inflammatory resposne

what are the three degrees of a burn

1st degree - partial thickness

2nd degree - partial thickness

3rd degree - full thickness

what are the symptoms of the three degrees of burns

1st degree

- erythema

- edema

- pain

- heat

2nd degree

- 1st symptoms

- blistering

- exudate

3rd degree

- 1st + 2nd symptoms

- eschar

treatment for burns

ABCs

IV hydration

what is rheumatoid arthritis

chronic inflammation of joints

what does rheumatoid arthritis cause

swelling

thickening

erosion

pain

what is gastritis

inflammation of the gastric mucosa

what is pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

what is inflammatory bowel disease

chronic inflammation of the GI tract

what are 2 diseases of inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn's and ulcerative colitis

what part of the GI tract does Crohn's affect

small intestine

what kind of stool is caused by Crohn's

watery, nonbloody, intermittent diarrhea (occult blood)

what part of the GI tract does ulcerative colitis affect

large intestine

what kind of stool is caused by ulcerative colitis

bloody diarrhea

what condition can be caused by ulcerative colitis

anemia

what is a diagnostic test for ulcerative colitis

CBC

what is AIDS

a host defense failure caused by a loss of helper T cells (impaired humoral and cell-mediated immunity)

what kind of hypersensitivity is an anaphylactic reaction

type 1: immediate

what triggers an anaphylactic reaction

bug bites, nuts, medications

what kind of hypersensitivity is Rh isoimmunization

type 2: antibody-mediated

what situation does the mom/baby have to be in for Rh isoimmunization

Rh- mom and Rh+ baby

what type of hypersensitivity is systemic lupus erythematosus

type 3: immune complex-mediated

what kind of disease is systemic lupus erythematosus

autoimmune

what is influenza

viral infection of the epithelial cells of the airway

how is influenza transmitted

via respiratory droplets

how does influenza escape host defenses

antigenic drift

who are the 4 people groups at high risk for influenza

young (less than 2)

elderly (over 65)

pregnant

immunodeficient

when do symptoms appear in influenza?

abrupt onset

what is viral hepatitis

acute or chronic inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection

characteristics of HepA

fecal-oral transmission

vaccine available

characteristics of HepB

needle transmission

mother to baby

carrier state

chronic

vaccine available

characteristics of HepC

needle transmission

carrier state

chronic

characteristics of HepD

needle transmission

mother to baby

carrier state