IS100 Final Exam Study Guide

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think, learn, and solve problems.

Q: What is the ultimate goal of AI

A: To create systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, ideally achieving human-level or superintelligent decision-making.

Q: What is Narrow AI (Weak AI)

A: AI designed for a specific task, such as voice recognition or spam filtering.

Q: What is General AI (Strong AI)

A: AI with generalized human cognitive abilities that can perform any intellectual task a human can.

Q: Give an example of Narrow AI.

A: Siri, Google Translate, or facial recognition systems.

Q: Give an example of General AI.

A: Hypothetical systems like a robot that can learn any task a human can perform.

Q: Name three areas where AI is used in everyday life.

A: Healthcare (diagnostics), finance (fraud detection), and transportation (self-driving cars).

Q: What are AI hallucinations

A: When AI systems generate false or nonsensical information that appears plausible.

Q: Give an example of an AI hallucination.

A: A chatbot inventing a court case or citing a fake academic source.

Q: What are ethical concerns related to AI

A: Bias in algorithms, economic inequality, and risks of surveillance or authoritarian misuse.

Q: How can bias enter AI systems

A: Through biased training data or flawed design assumptions.

Q: What is the importance of critical thinking in AI use

A: It helps users evaluate AI outputs, detect bias, and make ethical decisions.

Q: Who or what is Ameca

A: A human-like robot designed to interact with people using realistic facial expressions and AI.

Q: What can be done to reduce the risk of AI

A: Implement regulation, increase transparency, and ensure ethical development practices.

Q: Name one emerging trend in AI.

A: AI-generated content or AI in mental health support.

Q: What is internal consistency in a theory

A: The theory does not contradict itself.

Q: What is external consistency

A: The theory fits with well-established facts or theories.

Q: What are the Criteria of Adequacy

A: Testability, Fruitfulness, Scope, Simplicity, and Conservatism.

Q: What does the TEST formula stand for

A: T: State the theory
E: Examine the evidence
S: Scrutinize alternative theories
T: Test with criteria of adequacy

Q: What is Inference to the Best Explanation

A: Choosing the explanation that best fits the evidence and has the most desirable features.

Q: What is a scientific theory

A: A well-substantiated explanation based on facts, tested hypotheses, and observations.

Q: What is hypothesis testing

A: Formulating a testable prediction and experimenting to confirm or refute it.

Q: What is a double-blind study

A: A study where neither participants nor researchers know who is receiving treatment to eliminate bias.

Q: What controversial theories are discussed in Chapter 11

A: Creationism and Evolution.

Q: How do we judge “weird” theories

A: Using the TEST formula and criteria of adequacy.

Q: What is a worldview

A: A set of beliefs and assumptions about how the world works.

Q: What is Emotivism

A: The theory that moral judgments express emotional responses, not objective truths.

Q: What is a moral argument

A: An argument that includes a moral premise and supports a moral conclusion.

Q: How do you evaluate a moral premise

A: Determine whether it is justified, consistent, and based on sound reasoning.

Q: What are the major types of moral theories

A: Divine Command Theory, Utilitarianism, Cultural Relativism, Subjective Relativism, etc.