Studied by 6 people
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
It is branching, striated, with one nucleus and intercalated discs. It has a slow rhythm, and also flexes involuntarily.
Why type of tissue is found on the epiphyses of bones to reduce friction?
Articular cartilage and a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.
What tissue is well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix?
Connective
What is the desired objective of a positive feedback mechanism? List examples.
It enhances or amplifies an effect
What cellular junctions prevent leakage of fluid between cells?
Tight junctions
Explain the difference between proximal and distal.
One is closer to the origin of the extremity; the other is farther away from the origin of the extremity
Where are neurotransmitters released from?
Synaptic Vesicles located within axon terminals.
What protein, found in the skin, is responsible for waterproofing?
Keratin
List and describe the connective tissue wrappings of muscle tissue.
The fascia is the thicker, outermost layer of the muscle. The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle and is continuous with tendons at the ends. The perimysium surrounds groups of muscle cells (myofibers) called fascicles. A basal lamina, the endomysium, surrounds each myofiber.
In which cavity are the heart and lungs found?
Thoracic cavity; the cavity superior to the diaphragm.
What type of organic compound is an enzyme?
A protein (or polypeptide) that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.
What is the tarsal region?
The part of the foot that includes the ankle and heel mainly
What is the significance of an epiphyseal plate?
It is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone; causes lengthwise growth of a bone (kind of like a divergent plate boundary).
In what layer of the skin will fingerprints and footprints be found?
The dermal papillae (when the stratum lucidum is present in the epidermis).
What are fontanels?
fontanels are spaces between the skull where bone formation isn't complete (usually common in babies and called "soft spot") .
What is the bone called the “atlas”?
The top bone or first cervical vertebra connecting your skull to your spine
When myosin heads attach to actin, what do you call this complex?
A cross bridge.
In muscle, what is the role of the antagonist?
Maintains body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect and they control rapid movement; opposes the action of the agonist.
What is a motor unit?
Motor units consist of one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron.
What is a flagellum?
A long whiplike structure which helps cells or organisms move by propelling them through fluid (locomotion) - 2 types are prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic (sperm cells, more complex).
Describe the function of a tubercle (on a bone).
A tubercule serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles. The muscles attach by tendons, where the enthesis is the connective tissue between the tendon and bone.
Describe exocrine glands.
An exocrine gland is a gland that makes substances like sweat, tears, saliva, and creates your digestive juices. It releases them through a duct or a special opening in the body surface.
What would a physiological study focus on?
Physiology is the study of how the body works. It describes the chemistry and the physics of the basic functions the body performs. it would focus on how systems in the body operate and by understanding the systems care providers can learn how to treat illness and understand them.
What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
Hematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are formed. It involves the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
What is tissue regeneration?
The process by which the body repairs or replaces damaged or lost tissues.
Describe a hydrolysis reaction.
A chemical process in which water is used to break down a compound.
What do you call the large opening at the bottom of the occipital bone?
The foramen magnum.
What is scar tissue composed of?
A protein called collagen.
Describe a greenstick fracture and an individual who would likely present with one.
A bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through. Common in children under 10 years old, as their bones are more flexible.
What would you find running through the Haversian canal?
Blood vessels and nerve fibers.
What movements do the hamstrings produce at the hip joint and knee joint?
Hip extension and knee flexion.
What are physical signs of melanoma?
It metastasizes repidly to lymph nodes and blood vessels, a mole that matastisizes will change color or the way it looks, and will get blotchy and asymmetrical. There will likely be unsual colors and color patterms. It can be detected using the ABCDE rule.
What is an acid?
A substance that has a pH less than 7; releases hydrogen ions.
What are indirect functions of the muscular system?
Posture, joint stability, and heat protection.
What is the ABCDE rule? When would you use it?
Asymmetrical, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving. This rule is used to help people spot signs of melanoma and potential skin cancer risks.
What is an isometric contraction?
A contraction where there is no change in the length of muscles.
What is the physical location of an osteocyte (using the Haversian system)?
In spaces called lacunae.
What type of protein are nails made of?
Keratin.
Which vitamin is activated in the skin when you are exposed to UV light?
Vitamin D
Describe anaerobic glycolysis.
The breakdown of glucose into energy without oxygen.
What types of joints are hinge joints?
A type of synovial joint.
How many quadrants and regions are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?
4 Quadrants, 9 Regions
Why is skeletal muscle fatigue a result of anaerobic respiration?
It triggers lactic acid fermentation.
What are intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle?
In Cardiac muscles intercalated discs are complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells; they have protein channels called connexons that allow the flow of ions between cells to allow synchronous contraction in the heart.
The three pigments that contribute to skin color?
The three pigments that contribute to skin color are hemoglobin, carotenoids, and melanin.
Describe abduction and adduction.
Abduction refers to moving a limb away from the midline of your body and adduction refers to moving a limb towards the midline of your body.
Describe smooth muscle cells.
Smooth muscle cells are fusiform (spindle-like shape), have 1 nucleus, and are not striated. Smooth muscle cells are found in hollow, visceral organs like the stomach and bladder.
Describe the histology of the skin.
The skin has 2 main layers. The epidermis is superficial to the dermis. The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and is avascular. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, (stratum lucidum), and stratum corneum. The dermis only has 2 layers. The papillary layer (upper) is made of loose areolar connective tissue, while the reticular (lower) layer is made of dense irregular tissue, and this layer is very vascular.
What are the stages of bone fracture healing?
There are 4 stages of bone fracture healing. First, the hematoma forms, and the blood supply is released from the fracture which creates swelling. Second, a soft bridge of fibrocartilage forms between the 2 broken ends of the bone, creating a fibrocartilage callus. In this step we also see a new generation of blood vessels called angeogenesis, which begin to supply the new tissue. Third, osteoclasts migrate in and dissolve the fibrocartilage callus, and the osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone to form a bony callus. Last, in step 4, bone remodelling and fine-tuning of the new bone occurs, which helps to regain original strength and shape of the bone.
Describe the naming system for epithelial tissues.
The epitheleal tissues are a two name system. The first name depends on the number of layers(simple-one layer/stratified-morethan one layer) and the second layer depends on the shape of the cells(squamous, cubitle, columnar).
Describe the mechanical force of muscle contraction.
Muscle contraction occurs through the contraction and relaxation of the sarcomeres. The actin and thick myosin filaments of the sarcomere slide past each other(sliding filament theory). Muscle contraction is triggered when action potential in a motor neuron reaches the neurotransmitter junction (between neuron and skeleton muscle).
Where are mucous membranes found?
Mucous membranes are found in moist and inner surfaces of some body cavities and organs. Some examples include the nose, lungs, mouth, and stomach.
Describe the different types of sections (midsagittal/sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse/cross)
All planes are imaginary lines. The midsaggital plane divides the body into left and right equal parts. Frontal or coronal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.Transverse or cross plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top/bottom)
What are bones made of?
Bone is made of protein, calcium, minerals, and collagen. They are made of two different type of connective tissues, compact and spongy.
Describe the structure of skeletal muscle, from superficial to deep; name all parts.
The anatomy of muscle from superfical to deep. Muscle attaches to bone via tendon, fascia surrounds epimysium which surrounds the whole muscle, inside the epimysium, the perimysium surrounds the fasicles, inside there are several muscle fibers, the sarcolemma surrounds each muscle fiber. inside of each muscle fiber there are several myofibrils, each myofibril has several sarcomeres( the contractile unit).
What are inorganic compounds? List examples.
Inorganic compounds are small simple molecules that lack carbon. Inorgnaic compunds include water, salts, chlorides, phosphates, calcium, sulphates, carbontes, sodium, potassium, magnesium and ammonium.
What do osteoclasts and osteoblasts do?
Osteoclast are specialized bone cells that resorb bone tissue. Osteoblasts are specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue
Describe serous membranes and list all six names.
The serous membranes are thin sheets of tissue that line body cavities closed to the outside world. There are 6 serous membranes: visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium. Parietal is the perimeter lining on the wall of an organ, while visceral is the lining outside of organs.
What do you call the tailbone?
The tailbone is called the coccyx.
What do you call the part of the hair that extends from the scalp/skin?
The Hair Shaft protrudes from the scalp/skin.
Define ossification.
Ossification is the process of bone formation. Osteoblasts(bone forming cells), Osteoclasts(bone resorption), Osteocytes(mature bone cells).
List the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
Layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale.
List epithelial and connective tissue membranes.
There are three types of epithelial membranes: mucous, which contain glands; serous, which secrete fluid; and cutaneous which makes up the skin. The connective tissue membranes are synovial, mucous, serous membranes.
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Transitional epithelium is made up of multiple layers of cells known as stratified epithelium, and it is found lining the structures of the urinary system.
What are chondrocytes and what do they do?
A chondrocyte is a cell which has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embelled in it. Chrondrocytes are mainly responsible for the production of collagen.
Describe sudoriferous glands and differentiate between eccrine and apocrine glands.
sudoriferous glands are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Eccrine glands occur over most of the body and open directly to the skins surface while apocrine glands open into the hair follice, leading eventually to the skins surface.
What bone is the shin bone?
The tibia is the shin bone.
What are identifying characteristics of a cervical vertebra?
The Cervical Vertebrae is found in the neck, is relatively small, and has two transverse processes. There are 7 cervical vertebrae; each has three holes (foramina): the vertebral foramen, and two transverse foramina.
What type of chemical reaction promotes cell growth/division, and repair of worn-out tissues?
Synthesis reactions.
Which muscles belong to the hamstring group?
The bicep femoris, semimembranosus and the semitendinosus.
Which connective tissue is avascular?
Cartliage
Describe the Haversian system.
The haversian canal (an osteon), which contains blood vessels and nerves.
Describe desmosomes.
Desmosomes are specialized structures in cell membranes that provide mechanical stability to tissues by anchoring adjacent cells together. They are important in tissues that experience a lot of mechanical stress, such as cardiac tissue.
List all the elements of a control system (feedback mechanism).
The components of a control system include the receptor, the afferent pathway, the control center, the efferent pathway, and effector.
What is the function of smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is an involuntary muscle that facilitates the movement of substances through organs, regulates blood flow, and controls the size of various structures, playing a crucial role in bodily functions without conscious control; pushes a substance along a pathway; this is also known as peristalsis.
Why is the hyoid bone unique?
The hyoid bone is the only "floating" bone in the body, meaning it's not connected to any bones, but is held in place by ligaments, muscle, and cartilage
What is the function of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is responsible for secreting horomones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells; it is a control system.
Describe the feedback mechanism of hypocalcemia.
The feedback mechanism of Hypocalcemia (condition caused when calcium levels are low in the bloodstream) is... 1.) Parathyroid Horomone is released by the Parathyroid gland 2.) The body activates osteoclasts 3.) Osteoclasts break down bone, releasing calcium back into the bloodstream.
Describe anatomical position.
Anatomical Position is the body position that serves as a "starting point" for describing positions and directions for the human body ( facing forward with palms facing out)
List the functions of the integumentary system.
The function of the Integumentry system is protection, thermoregulation, Vitamin D synthesis.
Define anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal.
Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front of. Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Describe simple squamous epithelium.
The simple squamous epithelium is One layer of flattened, "fish like" scales. a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries.
What type of macromolecule is ATP categorized as?
ATP is a nucleic acid.
List and describe the positions of the nine abdominopelvic regions.
The Nine abdominopelvic regions: Right Hypochondriac (upper right), Epigastric (upper middle), Left Hypochondriac (Upper left), Right Lumbar (Right middle), Umbilical (Center/belly button), Left Lumbar (left middle), Right iliac (lower right), Hypogastric (lower middle/pelvic area), Left iliac (left lower).
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The Function of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is that it plays an important role in muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.
Define muscle atrophy.
Muscle atrophy is the wasting and/or thinning of muscle mass caused by stagnation, malnutrition, medication, or a variety of other unpreventable factors including genetics, age, injuries, and disease.
What is the only function of muscle?
The only function of muscle is to contract. Through contraction, muscle moves certain specialized parts of the body. Skeletal muscle controls the limbs, cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily to produce movement in cardiovascular processes, and smooth muscle lines the digestive system.
Describe the apical layer of epithelium.
It is the outward facing side of the epithelium tissue, which is made up of the apical side of the epithelium cells. The apical faces lumen or external enviorment of the tissue. The apical surface forms the interface between the extracellular milieu and the underlying tissue. It lines the lumen, which lines organs and body cavities.
Using directional terms, describe the locations of the patellar and popliteal regions.
The patellar is the patella, it is loctaed on the anterior side of the legs. The popliteal region is an area on the posterior side of the knee that is diamond shaped. It is where the blood vessels and nerves pass through to the thigh and lower leg.
What produces goose bumps?
The arrector pili muscle pulls the hair upright when person is cold or frightened.
What is an articulation?
The point where two or more bones meet and join. Also known as a joint.
What shortens during a muscle contraction?
The sarcomere shortens during muscle contraction however the componets within the sarcomere do not.
Describe direct phosphorylation.
Direct phosphoylation reattaches phosphate groups to ADP left behind after ATP gets used up for energy.
What are the three bones that make up the sternum?
Manubrium, body, and Xiphoid process
Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.
one secretes substances into your body’s surface while the other secretes substances straight into your blood stream.
What are canaliculi?
Canaliculi are thin canals that slot between the lacunae of bone cells. Canaliculi supply nutrients to the bone cells, remove cell waste, and help aid communication between bone cells.
Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?
Nervous tissue is the type of tissue that conducts electrochemical impulses.
Describe the synaptic cleft.
The synaptic cleft is a junction (small space) where neurons communicate with each other.
List the bones of the Upper Extremity
Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
List the bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Scapula, Clavical
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