DNA and Proteins
Central Dogma: a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein
mRNA:mRNA (messenger RNA) is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis in cells.
rRNA: molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts
tRNA: molecules form the core of a cell's ribosomes (the structures in which protein synthesis takes place)
Transcription is the process where the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.
Translation is the process where mRNA is decoded to produce a specific protein. It occurs in the ribosomes of a cell, specifically in the cytoplasm.
DNA vs. RNA:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
Double-stranded
Contains deoxyribose sugar
Bases: A, T, C, G
Found in the nucleus
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
Single-stranded
Contains ribose sugar
Bases: A, U, C, G
Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in the protein produced, potentially affecting an organism's traits or functions.
Mutagen:A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes an organism's DNA, increasing the frequency of mutations. Example: UV radiation from the sun can act as a mutagen, causing mutations in skin cells.
Types of mutations: frame shift (both insertion and deletion), gene duplication, translocation, inversion, silent mutation
Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis. Located on mRNA.
Anti-codon: A complementary sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with the codon. Located on tRNA.
Proteins are large biomolecules made up of amino acids. Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form proteins.
Vocabulary
Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. It consists of a protein coat and genetic material, either DNA or RNA.
Nucleotide: Building block of DNA/RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
Double Helix: DNA structure with two intertwined strands.
Base Pairing Rules: A-T and G-C; complementary bases in DNA.
Replication: Process of copying DNA to produce an identical strand.
DNA Polymerase: Enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules.
Central Dogma: Concept of DNA to RNA to protein flow.
RNA: Nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.
Transcription: Process of copying DNA into RNA.
RNA Polymerase: Enzyme that synthesizes RNA during transcription.
Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Part of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs.
Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA instructions.
Translation: Process where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific protein.
Codon: Three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
Stop Codon: Signals the end of protein synthesis on the mRNA.
Central Dogma: a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein
mRNA:mRNA (messenger RNA) is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis in cells.
rRNA: molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts
tRNA: molecules form the core of a cell's ribosomes (the structures in which protein synthesis takes place)
Transcription is the process where the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.
Translation is the process where mRNA is decoded to produce a specific protein. It occurs in the ribosomes of a cell, specifically in the cytoplasm.
DNA vs. RNA:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
Double-stranded
Contains deoxyribose sugar
Bases: A, T, C, G
Found in the nucleus
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
Single-stranded
Contains ribose sugar
Bases: A, U, C, G
Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in the protein produced, potentially affecting an organism's traits or functions.
Mutagen:A mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes an organism's DNA, increasing the frequency of mutations. Example: UV radiation from the sun can act as a mutagen, causing mutations in skin cells.
Types of mutations: frame shift (both insertion and deletion), gene duplication, translocation, inversion, silent mutation
Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis. Located on mRNA.
Anti-codon: A complementary sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with the codon. Located on tRNA.
Proteins are large biomolecules made up of amino acids. Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form proteins.
Vocabulary
Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. It consists of a protein coat and genetic material, either DNA or RNA.
Nucleotide: Building block of DNA/RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
Double Helix: DNA structure with two intertwined strands.
Base Pairing Rules: A-T and G-C; complementary bases in DNA.
Replication: Process of copying DNA to produce an identical strand.
DNA Polymerase: Enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules.
Central Dogma: Concept of DNA to RNA to protein flow.
RNA: Nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.
Transcription: Process of copying DNA into RNA.
RNA Polymerase: Enzyme that synthesizes RNA during transcription.
Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Part of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs.
Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA instructions.
Translation: Process where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific protein.
Codon: Three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
Stop Codon: Signals the end of protein synthesis on the mRNA.
