Chemistry Paper 1

hydrogen ions

What are acids in solution a source of?

hydroxide

What are alkalis in solution a source of?

7

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

low (less than 7)

Do acidic solutions have high or low pH values?

high (greater than 7)

Do alkaline solutions have high or low pH values?

alkaline

Is this solution acidic or alkaline?

acidic

Is this solution acidic or alkaline?

a concentrated solution has a higher amount of substance dissolved in the solution

What is the difference between a concentrated and dilute solution?

one that only partially dissociates into ions

What is a weak acid?

one that fully dissociates into ions

What is a strong acid?

any substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only

What is a base?

soluble bases

What are alkalis?

salt + hydrogen

Complete this equation: acid + metal -->

salt + water

Complete this equation: acid + metal oxide -->

salt + water

Complete this equation: acid + metal hydroxide -->

salt + carbon dioxide + water

Complete this equation: acid + metal carbonate -->

a lit splint causes a 'pop'

What is the test for hydrogen?

lime water

What is needed to test for carbon dioxide?

lime water turns cloudy

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

a reaction between an acid and a base

What is a neutralisation reaction?

H+ + OH- → H2O

Write a general equation for a neutralisation reaction

burette

Name this piece of apparatus

pipette

Name this piece of apparatus

they are all soluble

What is true about common sodium, potassium and ammonium salts?

true

True or false: all nitrates are soluble

false: common chlorides are soluble except those of silver and lead

True or false: all chlorides are soluble

silver and lead

Give 2 examples of metals that form insoluble chlorides

false: common sulfates are soluble except those of lead, barium and calcium

True or false: all sulfates are soluble

false: common carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble except those of sodium, potassium and ammonium

True or false: all carbonates are soluble

ionic compounds in the molten state or dissolved in water

What are electrolytes?

a process in which electrical energy, from a direct current supply, decomposes electrolytes

What is electrolysis?

a positively charged ion

What is a cation?

a negatively charged ion

What is a anion?

a negatively charged electrode

What is a cathode?

a positively charged electrode

What is a anode?

the negatively charged cathode

Where do cations move to in electrolysis?

the positively charged anode

Where do anions move to in electrolysis?

copper and oxygen

What are the products of the electrolysis of copper chloride solution?

hydrogen and chlorine

What are the products of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution?

hydrogen and oxygen

What are the products of the electrolysis of sodium sulfate solution?

oxygen and hydrogen

What are the products of the electrolysis of water acidified with sulfuric acid?

loss of electrons

What is oxidation?

gain of electrons

What is reduction?

at the cathode

Where does reduction occur during electrolysis?

at the anode

Where does oxidation occur during electrolysis?

oxygen and copper

What are the products of the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution?

pH meter

Give the term being defined: Electronic device used to measure the pH of a solution.

potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, (carbon), zinc, iron, (hydrogen), copper, silver, gold

Give the reactivity series (from most to least reactive)

the Earth's crust

Where are most metals are extracted from ores found?

in the Earth's crust as the uncombined elements

Where and how are unreactive metals found?

the gain of oxygen

What is oxidation?

the loss of oxygen

What is reduction?

they are reduced

What happens to ores when metals are extracted from them?

heating with carbon and electrolysis

Give 2 methods of extracting metals from their ores

the position of the metal in the reactivity series and the cost of the extraction process

Which 2 factors affect which method is chosen to extract a metal?

bacterial and phytoextraction

Name 2 biological methods of metal extraction

economic implications, preservation of both the
environment and the supply of valuable raw materials

Give three advantages of recycling metals

consideration of the effect on the environment of obtaining the raw materials, manufacturing the product, using the product and disposing of the product when it is no longer useful

What are the four stages that are considered when doing a life time assessment for a product?

the reaction is reversible

What does this symbol tell you?

by changing the reaction conditions

How can the direction of some reversible reactions be altered?

temperature 450 °C
pressure 200 atmospheres
iron catalyst

What are the conditions for the Haber process?

ammonia

What is made in the Haber process?

nitrogen and hydrogen

What reacts to form ammonia?

natural gas

What is hydrogen obtained from?

the air

What is nitrogen extracted from?

temperature, pressure, concentration

Give three factors that can be changed to affect the position of a dynamic equilibrium

gas

Which state of matter does this diagram represent?

liquid

Which state of matter does this diagram represent?

solid

Which state of matter does this diagram represent?

solid, liquid, gas

Sort the three states of matter into order of increasing energy

gas, liquid, solid

Sort the three states of matter into order of decreasing energy

physical changes

What term can be used to describe interconversions between states of matter?

melting

What is the name for the physical change when a solid turns into a liquid?

freezing

What is the name for the physical change when a liquid turns into a solid?

boiling / evaporating

What is the name for the physical change when a liquid turns into a gas?

condensing

What is the name for the physical change when a gas turns into a liquid?

something that is made up of only one element or compound

What is a pure substance?

when there are two or more elements or compounds not chemically bonded

What is a mixture?

distillation

What process is this a diagram of?

fractional distillation

What process is this a diagram of?

filtration

What process is this a diagram of?

crystallisation

What process would you use this piece of equipment for?

paper chromatography

What is this a diagram of?

the solvent

What is the mobile phase in paper chromatography?

the paper

What is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?

there would only be one spot

How would you know if something was a pure substance when using paper chromatography?

Compare the Rf value with known values

How can you identify a substance using paper chromatography?

safe to drink

What does potable mean in reference to drinking water?

sedimentation, filtration and chlorination

Give three stages used to make waste and ground water potable

by distillation

How can sea water be made potable?

it shouldn't contain any dissolved salts

If you are using water for chemical analysis what needs to be true about it?

boiling point

Give the term being defined: The temperature at which a liquid boils.

molecule

Give the term being defined: Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonding.

compound

Give the term being defined: A substance that can be split into simpler substances, because it contains the atoms of two or more elements joined together.

element

Give the term being defined: A substance made up of only atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus.

melting point

Give the term being defined: A specific temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.

filtrate

Give the term being defined: Solution passing through a filter.

insoluble

Give the term being defined: Describes a substance that cannot be dissolved in a certain liquid.

residue

Give the term being defined: Material remaining in the filter after mixture has passed through it.

saturated solution

Give the term being defined: Contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in that amount of solvent at that temperature.