Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

• first forms of life

• unicellular

• has plasma membrane, cell wall, DNA + RNA, Ribosomes

• found concentrated in a discrete region of cell called nucleoid (with cell wall surrounding the membrane)

Eukaryotes

• multicellular

• has everything but lysosomes, centrioles and a central vacuole

• nucleus houses most of cell’s DNA

Domains of life

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

What is a toolkit

General features found in a group

What is a synapomorphy

shared derived characteristics of a monophyletic group

Bacteria toolkit

Capsule, pili, mobility, ecology, reproduction (binary fission), genetic exchange

Eukaryotes toolkit

structure, osmoregulation, ecology

eukaryotes synapomorphies

membrane bound organelles, alternation of generations, 9+2 flagellum

endosymbiont theory

certain eukaryotic cells (ex. mitochondria and chloroplasts) originated from free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by larger host cells

What type of group are protists

paraphyletic

which of the domains of life are prokaryotes?

archaea and bacteria

transformation

bacteria absorbs naked DNA

transduction

“virus as middleman” — virus transfers the DNA

conjugation

DNA transferred through direct cell to cell contact using pilus

protists

unicellular

no germ layer, no organ tissue, mostly microscopic some colonial, morphology, locomotion variable, ecology variable, reproduction variable

which cells more in common

fungal and animal

prokaryotes stain as gram-positive or gram-negative because of differences in the cell:

wall

what bacteria is rod shaped?

bacilli

the term protists lacks phylogenetic utility because it delineates a paraphyletic group

some eukaryotic lineages evolved from protists, and they are not included in the group called protists ; protist lineages are defined by the fact that they are not eukaryotic lineages

what has the 9+2 microtubules

fungal, plant and animal cells (prokaryotes do NOT have them)

Fungi→?

Bacteria →?

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic