Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

Oregon State University A&P

Hypertonic

Cells lose water and shrink and shrivel up.

Hypotonic

Cells gain water and swells

Isotonic

extracellular fluid solute concentration is the same as inside the cell

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane to maintain equilibrium

How does water move relative to the solution gradient?

Low to high solute concentration.

Body fluids are solutions of water and dissolved solutes like ____________.

ions, glucose, amino acids, hormones, potassium, sodium

The plasma membrane is a _______________ barrier that allows some ions and molecules to pass through.

selectively permeable

What are the two mechanisms responsible for moving necessary substances across the membrane?

Active and passive transport

In passive transport, how do solutes move relative to the concentration gradient?

High to Low (down)

In active transport, how do solutes move across their concentration gradient?

Low to high (Up)

What form of transport is diffusion?

Passive transport because of the concentrations.

Diffusion

The movement of any substance from a high to a low concentration.

Is osmosis active or passive?

Passive - no energy is required.

What type of molecules use simple diffusion?

Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and lipid-soluble substances.

Osmosis is a type of diffusion.

True

Simple diffusion has no max rate and is not _______.

protein limited

Facilitated diffusion has a lower max rate, and is _______.

limited by the number of transport proteins.

What is the cell membrane made up of?

Phospholipids

What features do phospholipids have?

A hydrophilic (polar) head - loves water

A hydrophobic (non-polar) tail - repels water

What are the two types of passive transport? 

simple and facilitated diffusion

Autoregulation

A part of your body self-regulates to maintain homeostasis in that specific area.

Enzymes _______.

do most of the work in cells

There is more Na+ outside of cells than inside. Given this, how does Na+ enter a typical human cell?

facilitated diffusion

Which kind of section would best allow you to see concentric lamellae in bone?

Transverse 

Mesenchymal cells can differentiate to become any kind of ______ cell.

connective tissue

Intramembranous ossification

Occurs to form the flat bones of the skull

lamelle

Layers of bone matrix that strengthen and organize compact bone.
They help bones handle stress from multiple directions without breaking.

myositis

inflammation of the muscles

Osteoclasts

Large cells that break down bone tissue to help remodel bone and regulate calcium levels.

lacunae

Found between the lamellae in compact bone, and store osteocytes. 

Osteon

Basic structural and functional unit of compact bone.

What molecules utilize facilitated diffusion?

Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides

What kind of diffusion requires no energy from the cell?

simple diffusion

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers that provides structure, shape, and support for the cell; also helps with movement of organelles and the cell itself.

Cillia

Short, hair-like structures on the cell surface that move in waves to help the cell move or move substances along its surface.

Flagella

Long, whip-like tails that propel the cell through fluid; usually one or a few per cell.

Ribosomes

Small structures that build proteins by linking amino acids together; can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.

Rough ER

Network of membranes covered in ribosomes; modifies and transports proteins made by ribosomes.

Smooth ER

Membrane network without ribosomes; makes lipids, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores calcium.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell that contains DNA and coordinates activities like growth and protein production.

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of flattened membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport.

Lysosomes

Organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down waste, old cell parts, and foreign materials.

Transport Vessicles

Small membrane sacs that carry materials between organelles or to and from the cell membrane.

Protein Synthesis

The process by which cells make proteins; includes transcription (DNA → mRNA) and translation (mRNA → protein).

Transcription

The process in the nucleus where a gene’s DNA sequence is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).

Translation

The process in the cytoplasm where ribosomes read mRNA and assemble amino acids into a protein chain.

Endocytosis

Process by which the cell membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.

Exocytosis

Process where vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to release materials outside the cell.

Cellular Respiration

Process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP, mainly in the mitochondria.

Cartilage is a form of connective tissue.

true

What do lamelle do?

bone remodeling

structural support 

organization of bone matrix 

positive feedback

Strengthen or amplify a change until a specific event is completed “pushes it farther”.

Negative Feedback

Keep the body stable (maintain homeostasis)

Ribosomes

build proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesis and transport of proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

detoxification, lipid synthesis, calcium storage

The Nucleus

the cells control center 

The golgi apparatus

modifies proteins and lipids, produces lysosomes,

lysosomes

digestive enzymes

Basal layer of epithelial tissue

bottom layer of tissue

apical layer

top layer of epithelial tissue

what bones are formed by Intramembranous Bone Formation

clavicle, mandible, and flat bones of the skull

What bones are formed by endochondral bone formation?

All other bones (specifically long bones)

What part of the bone in endochondral bone formation forms first?

The middle (diaphysis)

what appears first in endochondral bone formation? Bone matrix or Blood vessels?

Bone matrix 

Osteoblasts __________.

Build bone. They secrete new bone matrix (osteoid)

osteoclasts ________.

Break down bone (resorption). They release enzymes and acids that dissolve bone tissue