Psych 105 Flashcards (study)

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Learning

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Change in behavior due to experience.

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Reflex

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Stimulus + response.

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Vocabulary flashcards for Psych 105 lecture notes.

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51 Terms

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Learning

Change in behavior due to experience.

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Reflex

Stimulus + response.

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Classical conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

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Acquisition

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

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Generalization

Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

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Discrimination

Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

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Extinction

Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

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Operant Conditioning

Behavior becomes stronger or weaker depending on its consequences.

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Law of Effect

Behavior is a function of its consequences.

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Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations.

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Reinforcement

Consequence that increases or maintains the strength of a behavior.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something to strength/maintain behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Something removed that strengthens/maintains behavior.

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Primary Reinforcer

Not dependent on another reinforcer to be reinforcing.

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Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

Reinforcing because of association with other reinforcers.

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Continuous reinforcement

Behavior reinforced each time.

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Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement

Behavior is sometimes reinforced.

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Punishment

Consequence that reduces strength of behavior.

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Positive punishment

Something added that suppresses behavior.

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Negative punishment

Something removed that suppresses behavior.

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Observational Learning

Learning by observing another (vicarious learning).

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Modeling

Observing and imitating behavior.

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Retention Interval

Time between encoding and recall.

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Memory Encoding

Transforming physical/sensory input into something that can be stored in memory.

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Storage

Retaining encoded information in memory.

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Retrieval

Gaining access to information stored in memory.

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Short term memory (STM)

About 30 seconds.

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Long term memory (LTM)

Longer than STM.

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Chunking

Grouping items together to improve memory.

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Depth of processing

Deeper processing of stimuli produces better memory of them.

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Explicit memories

"Knowing that"

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Implicit Memories

"Knowing how"

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Priming

the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

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Context dependent memory

Putting yourself back in the context where you learned something can prime memory retrieval.

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State dependent learning

Be in the same “state” at recall as you were during encoding.

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Serial position effect

The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

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Recency Effect

Refers to better recall for items at the end. Still in STM.

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Primacy Effect

Refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list. Moved information to LTM and than back to STM.

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Availability Heuristic

If you can easily think of an example, it must be really/fairly common.

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Heuristic

Mental short cut.

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Mental set

Approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past.

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Algorithm

Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees that you will solve a problem.

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Representativeness Heuristic

Tendency to judge the likelihood that something belongs to a category based on comparing it to the prototype.

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Prototype

Best example of a category.

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Confirmation Bias

Look for evidence to support the conclusion that you’ve already arrived at (ignoring/minimizing contradictory evidence).

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Analogy

When use information one domain to solve a problem in another domain.

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Framing

The way something is posed affects decision making.

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Phonemes

Smallest sound unit.

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Morphemes

Smallest unit that has meaning.

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Grammar

Rules that enable us to understand language/enables use to communicate.