Learning
Change in behavior due to experience.
Reflex
Stimulus + response.
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Vocabulary flashcards for Psych 105 lecture notes.
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Learning
Change in behavior due to experience.
Reflex
Stimulus + response.
Classical conditioning
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
Acquisition
The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
Generalization
Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Discrimination
Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Extinction
Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.
Spontaneous Recovery
The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
Operant Conditioning
Behavior becomes stronger or weaker depending on its consequences.
Law of Effect
Behavior is a function of its consequences.
Shaping
Reinforcing successive approximations.
Reinforcement
Consequence that increases or maintains the strength of a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding something to strength/maintain behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Something removed that strengthens/maintains behavior.
Primary Reinforcer
Not dependent on another reinforcer to be reinforcing.
Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)
Reinforcing because of association with other reinforcers.
Continuous reinforcement
Behavior reinforced each time.
Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement
Behavior is sometimes reinforced.
Punishment
Consequence that reduces strength of behavior.
Positive punishment
Something added that suppresses behavior.
Negative punishment
Something removed that suppresses behavior.
Observational Learning
Learning by observing another (vicarious learning).
Modeling
Observing and imitating behavior.
Retention Interval
Time between encoding and recall.
Memory Encoding
Transforming physical/sensory input into something that can be stored in memory.
Storage
Retaining encoded information in memory.
Retrieval
Gaining access to information stored in memory.
Short term memory (STM)
About 30 seconds.
Long term memory (LTM)
Longer than STM.
Chunking
Grouping items together to improve memory.
Depth of processing
Deeper processing of stimuli produces better memory of them.
Explicit memories
"Knowing that"
Implicit Memories
"Knowing how"
Priming
the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.
Context dependent memory
Putting yourself back in the context where you learned something can prime memory retrieval.
State dependent learning
Be in the same “state” at recall as you were during encoding.
Serial position effect
The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.
Recency Effect
Refers to better recall for items at the end. Still in STM.
Primacy Effect
Refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list. Moved information to LTM and than back to STM.
Availability Heuristic
If you can easily think of an example, it must be really/fairly common.
Heuristic
Mental short cut.
Mental set
Approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past.
Algorithm
Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees that you will solve a problem.
Representativeness Heuristic
Tendency to judge the likelihood that something belongs to a category based on comparing it to the prototype.
Prototype
Best example of a category.
Confirmation Bias
Look for evidence to support the conclusion that you’ve already arrived at (ignoring/minimizing contradictory evidence).
Analogy
When use information one domain to solve a problem in another domain.
Framing
The way something is posed affects decision making.
Phonemes
Smallest sound unit.
Morphemes
Smallest unit that has meaning.
Grammar
Rules that enable us to understand language/enables use to communicate.