the persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieving of information
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superior autobiographical memory
the ability to retrieve a memory of any given moment during one’s life
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Alzheimer’s Disease
a progressive neurodegeneration and fatal brain disease that consists of a buildup of proteins in the brain that cause neurons to die
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recall
retrieving information currently not in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time
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recognition
identifying items that have been learned previously
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overlearning
learning something quickly when you learn it a second or later time
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encoding
to put in or receive new information
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storage
to pull out new information
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Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
a multi-store memory model that consists of a number of separate storage and memory processings are sequential
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iconic memory
anything that enters our visual field
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echoic memory
anything that enters our auditory field
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short-term memory
has limited capacity and duration
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George Miller’s Capacity Number
states that short-term memory can hold up to 7 +/- 2 pieces of information
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chunking
processing information in chunks is easier to remember
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working memory
newer understanding of short-term memory; adds to conscious and active processing
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long-term memory
can store infinite memory indefinitely
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explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences
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effortful processing
encoding that requires conscious effort(ex: studying)
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implicit memory
retention of skills or associations independent of conscious recollection
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automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
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Mnemonics
memory aids( acronyms, acrostics)
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Method of loci technique
imagine something completely weird to help remember something
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spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention
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testing effect
repeating self-testing improves memory
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deep processing
encoding based on the meaning of the word
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shallow processing
encoding based on the structure or appearance of words
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semantic
facts and general knowledge learned through many different interactions
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episodic
experienced events specific to you
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memory consolidation
processes memories and sends them to other regions for storage
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infantile amnesia
as an adult, your first four years of life are largely blank
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flashbulb memories
a clear sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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long-term potentiation
an increased efficiency of potential neural firing
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priming
retrieval technique, the activation of particular associations in memory
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encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
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context-dependent memory
putting yourself back into the context in which you experienced the memory can prime your memory recall
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state-dependent
what we learn in one physiological state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
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mood congruent
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state
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serial position effect
our tendency to best recall the last and first items in a list
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Henry Molaison
he cracked his skull causing seizures, blacking out, etc.; they removed his hippocampus and while he could not form new long-term memories, he could still form short-term ones
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anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories due to memory or illness
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retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s past due to injury or illness
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encoding failure
what we sense, we never notice, and fail to encode
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storage decay
after encoding, we sometimes forget
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retrieval failure
we know something and have studied it but cannot retrieve it
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tip of the tongue phenomenon
the feeling that a memory is available, but not retrievable
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proactive interference
the forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on recalling new information
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retroactive interference
the backward acting disruptive effect of newer learning on recall of old information
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repression
a basic, unconscious mechanism that banishes anxiety causing thoughts, feelings, and memories from the conscious
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reconsolidation
once memories are retrieved they may be altered before being stored again
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Elizabeth Loftus
demonstrated the misfortune effect
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Misfortune effect
when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event
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source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was imagined
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cognition
all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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concepts
a mental grouping of similar objects, ideas, or people
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prototypes
a mental image or best example of a category
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creativity
the ability to produce new and valuable ideas
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divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
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algorithms
a methodical, logical, rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
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heuristics
shortcuts, trial and error
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insight
a sudden realization of the solution to a problem
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intuition
knowing something instantaneously
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confirmation bias
the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions
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fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
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mental set
predisposes how we think
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representative heuristic
when we judge how something represent or matches certain prototypes(judging a book by its cover)
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availability bias
the likelihood of an event based on their availability in memory
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overconfidence bias
the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of your belief and judgement
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belief perseverance
the tendency to hold on to a set beliefs in spite of being faced by evidence that proves otherwise
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cognitive dissonance
when a person will rationalize, ignore, and even deny anything that doesn’t fit in with a core belief about a topic
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framing effect
drawing different conclusions from the same information based on how it is presented
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Phonemes
the smalles a distinctive sound in a language
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Morphemes
the smallest language units that carry meaning
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grammar
a language’s set of rules that enable people to communicate
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semantics
a language’s set of rules for deriving memory from sound
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syntax
a language’s set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
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receptive language
that ability to understand what is said to and about an individual
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babbling stage
productive language; infants utter various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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one-word stage
a child speaks using a single word, family tends to learn to understand, and gradually the infants language conforms more to the familys
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two-word stage
childrens speech mostly consists of nouns and verbs
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noam chomsky’s language acquisition device
a set list of acceptable sentence structures that are known at birth
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Benjamin Lee Whorf
proposed linguistic determinism- that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
Studied by 4 people
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