(Unit 2) Psychology 1020 Chapter 3: Brain & Heredity

The wrinkly part on the top of the brain is called the ______.

Cerebrum

The wrinkles on the cerebrum are called ____ while the bumps that are formed by the wrinkling of the cerebrum are called _____.

Sulci, gyri

The crossover point for the contralateral wiring is in the ____.

spinal cord

The brain region that connects the hemisphere is called the ____.

corpus callosum

An operation that is separates the hemispheres is called ___-_____.

split-brain surgery

When a particular ability is processed more in one hemisphere than the other it is called ____.

laterlized

The point where the optic nerves meet is called the ____.

optic chiasm

Objects in the right field of vision are processed in the ___ hemisphere.

left

When people give explanations for their behavior it is called ____.

confabulation

The outer, surface layer of the cerebrum is called the ____.

cortex

One large fissure extends down from the top center almost vertically. It is called the ____ fissure or fissure of _____, while another large fissure that extends horizontally from the middle front of the cerebral cortex toward the back is called the _____ fissure or the fissure of _____.

central; Rolando; lateral; Sylvius

Each hemispheric cortex is divided into four regions called ____.

lobes

Language (grammar) in most people is processed in the ____ hemisphere.

left

The idea that certain mental states and behaviors are controlled by a specific location in the brain is called ____ of ____.

localization of function

Vision is perceived by the cells in the ____ lobe.

occipital

Hearing is perceived by cells in the ____ lobe.

temporal

Damage to any section of the motor strip will cause ____.

paralysis

A person injured in the ____ strip will have numbness.

somatosensory

An area in the left frontal lobe that is more important for pronunciation and grammar is called ____ area.

Broca's

The brain region involved in processing the meaning of words and sentences is called _____.

Wernicke’s

When brain injury gives patients difficulty in using or understanding language, it is called _____.

aphasia.

The brain’s ability to change is called ____.

plasticity

A person whose leg has been amputated will still feel touch and pain in his leg. This is called ____.

phantom limb

Electrodes on the head record the electrical firing of brain cells in areas of the cerebral cortex in the procedure known as an ______.

electroencephalogram (EEG)

The _____ scan is essentially a very sophisticated x-ray device.

CAT

Both the ____ scan and ____ allow researchers to make an image of a living brain in action.

PET, fMRI

The _____ is a relay center for the senses.

thalamus

The smell receptors in the nose send electrical signals to a brain area just at the bottom of the frontal lobe known as the ____ bulb.

olfactory

The _____ acts as a regulator or control center for a number of motivations, such as hunger and thirst.

hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is part of the ____ system.

endocrine

The pituitary has been called the ____ gland.

master

The ____ (greek for “seahorse”) bends around in the middle of the inside of the temporal lobe. This brain region is important for the formation and storage of _____.

hippocampus

The ____ is a center for emotions, such as fear and anger.

amygdala

The ____ is at the top of the spinal cord. It is the place where brain and spinal cord meet.

brainstem

A brain network that keeps one awake and attentive to things in the environment is called the _____ activating system.

reticular

The _____ stores the programs for coordinated body movements.

cerebellum

The brain and the spinal cord together are known as the ____ nervous system.

central

The _____ nervous system works mostly automatically in the control of body organs and basic life functions.

autonomic

The divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ___ and the ____.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The fundamental unit of the communication process in the nervous system is the nerve cell, which is known as a ______.

neuron

Another type of nerve cell is called a _____ cell (greek for “glue”).

glial

The part of the neuron that receives signals is the ______.

dendrite

The part of the neuron that sends signals to a muscle, an organ, or to another neuron is called the ______.

terminal

The resting potential of a neuron measures precisely ____.

-70 mv

As sodium ions enter the neuron, the inside of the cell becomes more _____ charged. We say that the cell is experiencing _____.

positively, depolarization

When a neuron has fired, it is called an ____.

action

A neural signal cannot go part way, or be only partial in strength. The signal goes all the way, and at full strength. This is called the ____ law.

all-or-nothing

Mature neurons are covered with an insulating, fatty substance called _____.

myelin

The openings in the myelin sheath are called ___ of ____.

Nodes of Ranvier

Inside the vesicles are chemical molecules known as _____.

neurotransmitters

The transmitter chemicals that cause channels to open are called ____, and the transmitters that close channels are called ____.

excitatory, inhibitory

The chemicals used to recycle neurotransmitters (such as MAO) are called _____.

enzymes

When a vesicle release a neurotransmitter, the vesicle then closes and sucks some of the transmitter chemical back inside the sending cell, the _____ neuron. This process is called _____.

presynaptic, reuptake

In _____ disease the brain cannot make enough dopamine. Such as patients can take a medicine known as ____ that is a precursor of dopamine.

Parkinson's, L-DOPA

Medicines that are used to treat schizophrenia work by blocking dopamine receptors. These drugs are called ____.

neuroleptics

The egg is called an _____, and normally contains 23 chemical strands called _____.

ovum, chromosomes

When a sperm cell and egg unite, the fertilized egg is called a _____.

zygote

Fraternal twins are scientifically called ______ twins, while identical twins are called _____ twins.

dizygotic (DZ), monozygotic (MZ)

Women have two sex chromosomes: ____ and ____, while men have ____ and _____.

X, X, X, Y

_____ is often called the molecule of life.

DNA

A particular sequence of base pairs on a chromosome that has a biological job is called a _____.

gene

_____ disease is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4.

Huntington's

The most common chromosome error is when an extra chromosome number ____ is selected and the condition is called ____ syndrome.

21; Down

The condition in which a person has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome is called ____ syndrome.

Klinefelter's

Substances that interfere with normal prenatal development are called _____.

teratogens.

The ____-____ issue is about the relative contributions of heredity and experience.

nature-nurture

The condition in which a person has some male and some female biological characteristics is now known as ____.

intersex

1. pituitary

master gland

2. cerebellum

back of the brainstem

3. thalamus

relay center for the senses

4. corpus callosum

communication between hemispheres

5. MZ

identical twins

6. glial cell

glue

7. white matter

myelin

8. cerebrum

wrinkly top

9. Broca’s area

grammar

10. DZ

fraternal twins

11. dendrite

receiving part of neuron

12. reuptake

synapse

13. Parkinson’s disease

dopamine

14. Klinefelter syndrome

XXY chromosomes

15. Wernicke’s area

meaning of language

16. hippocampus

formation of memories

17. hypothalamus

regulating center for hunger

18. zygote

fertilized egg

19. DNA

molecule of heredity

20. serotonin

neurotransmitter

21. nodes of Ranvier

openings in the myelin

Your uncle had a stroke in his left frontal lobe. Which of these symptoms would he likely experience?

paralysis on the right side

A scientist finds that a certain toxic substance reduces myelin. What effect will this have?

slower nerve signals

A person goes to the doctor complaining that his thirst is abnormal. Which part of the brain is most likely involved?

hypothalamus

A person with aphasia has _____.

language difficulty

When a neuron fires, its inside becomes more ____.

positively charged

Damaged to the somatosensory area of the brain results in _____.

numbness

What is called when a neurotransmitter is reabsorbed by the sending neuron?

Reuptake

Images from the left field of vision are processed in which hemisphere?

right

If a split-brain patient holds a spoon in her left hand and a button in her right hand, what will she say she is holding?

a button

Damage to the temporal lobe would likely result in problems with ____.

hearing

Which of these is not a neurotransmitter?

glia

A patient is having hallucinations involving seeing, hearing, and tasting. What part of the patient’s brain is most likely involved?

thalamus