Class 10- Fuel Metabolism

nutrient

a substance that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair

carbs, lipids, proteins

3 major nutrients

vitamins, minerals, water

other nutrients (other than carbs, fats, proteins)

complex carbs (starches)

type of carbs found in bread, cereal, flour, pasta, nuts, potatoes

simple carbs (sugars)

type of carbs found in soft drinks, candy, fruit, and ice cream

glucose

simple sugar used by body cells to make ATP; neurons and RBCs rely almost entirely on this

glycogen, fat

excess glucose is converted to ______________ or ______________

100g

minimum amount of carbs needed per day to maintain adequate blood glucose levels

vitamins, minerals

starchy foods and milk have nutrients such as _____________ and _____________ in addition to complex carbs

empty

refined carbs (candy and soft drinks) provide energy sources only and are referred to as "___________ calories"

triglycerides

the most abundant dietary lipids; found in both animal and plant foods

linoleic, linolenic acid

essential fatty acids; found in most vegetables; must be ingested

iodine

element that is required in trace amounts; salt

lipids

major nutrient that help the body to absorb vitamins

lipids

major nutrient that is a major energy fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle and a component of myelin sheaths and cell membranes

fatty deposits

these, present in adipose tissue, provide a protective cushion around body organs, an insulating layer beneath the skin, and an easy-to-store concentrated source of energy

prostaglandins

modified fatty acids produced from linoleic acid via arachidonic acid

prostaglandins

modified fatty acids that function in smooth muscle contraction, control of blood pressure, and inflammation

cholesterol

type of fat that stabilizes membranes and is a precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

infants and children

Are lipid requirements higher for infants and children or for adults?

30%

The American Heart Association suggests fats should represent less than ______% of one's total caloric intake

10%

The American Heart Association suggests saturated fats should be limited to ______% or less of one's total fat intake

200mg

The American Heart Association suggests that daily cholesterol intake should not exceed _________mg

fat

Do you get more ATP out of 1 fat molecule or 1 carb molecule?

carbs

major nutrient the body prefers to burn

complete proteins

type of proteins that meet all the body's amino acid needs and are found in eggs, milk, milk products, meat, and fish

incomplete proteins

type of proteins found in legumes, nuts, seeds, grains, and vegetables

essential amino acids, nitrogen

2 things proteins supply

0.8g/kg

daily intake of proteins should be approximately _______g/kg of body weight

all-or-none rule

all amino acids needed must be present at the same time for protein synthesis to occur

protein

this will be used as fuel if there is insufficient carbs or fat available

nitrogen balance

the amount of nitrogen consumed compared with the amount excreted in a given time period; the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss

positive nitrogen balance

nitrogen balance where synthesis exceeds breakdown

positive nitrogen balance

nitrogen balance normal in children and tissue repair

negative nitrogen balance

nitrogen balance where breakdown exceeds synthesis

negative nitrogen balance

nitrogen balance caused by stress, burns, infection, or injury

accelerate

Do anabolic hormones accelerate or decelerate protein synthesis?

8

number of essential amino acids for humans (not infants)

histidine, arginine

2 essential amino acids that are important for infants; found in animal sources

vitamins

organic compounds needed for growth and good health

vitamins

crucial in helping the body use nutrients and often function as coenzymes

D, K, B

the only vitamins that are synthesized in the body (all others must be ingested)

B-complex, C

water soluble vitamins that are absorbed in the GI tract

vitamin B12

vitamin that requires gastric intrinsic factor to be absorbed

A, D, E, K

fat soluble vitamins; bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products

A, C, E

vitamins that act in an antioxidant cascade

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium

the 7 minerals that are required in moderate amounts

minerals

dozens of these are required in trace amounts

minerals

these work with nutrients to ensure proper body functioning

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

minerals whose salts harden bones

sodium, chloride

minerals that help maintain normal osmolarity, water balance, and are essential in nerve and muscle function

minerals

uptake and excretion of these must be balanced to prevent toxic overload

amino acids, proteins

proteins from food are broken down into ______________, which are converted to _______________

glucose, glycogen

carbs from food are broken down into ____________, which are converted to ______________

glycerol, fatty acids, fats

fats from foods are broken down into ___________ and ___________, which are converted to ________

Acetyl CoA

common intermediate between carb, fat, and protein breakdown; enters Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

pools

the body draws on its nutrient ________ to meet its various needs

insulin

main hormone of the absorptive state (released after you eat)

metabolic controls

these controls equalize blood concentrations of nutrients between the absorptive state and postabsorptive state

absorptive state

the time/state during and shortly after nutrient intake

postabsorptive state

the time/state when the GI tract is empty; energy sources are supplied by the breakdown of body reserves

increases, increases, increases, increases

absorptive state: blood glucose ____________ -> blood insulin ____________ -> active transport of amino acids and facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells _____________ -> ______________ cellular respiration and glucose conversion

catabolism (breakdown)

major metabolic thrust of the postabsorptive state

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

2 processes by which glucose is provided in the postabsorptive state

fatty acids, ketones

major energy fuels from catabolism in the postabsorptive state

glucose

amino acids are converted to _____________ in the liver in the postabsorptive state

glucagon

main hormone of the postabsorptive state

decreases, increases, increases

postabsorptive state: plasma glucose ______________ -> plasma glucagon _____________ -> plasma glucose _____________

hepatocytes

liver cells that carry out over 500 intricate metabolic functions

liver

organ that packages fatty acids to be stored and transported

liver

organ that forms nonessential amino acids

liver

organ that synthesizes plasma proteins

liver

organ that converts ammonia from deamination to urea

liver

organ that stores glucose as glycogen, and regulates blood glucose homeostasis

liver

organ that stores vitamins, conserves iron, degrades hormones, and detoxifies substances

cholesterol

the liver makes _______________; don't need to get it from diet

cholesterol transport

a composition of lipoproteins that transport lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

components of the 4 different lipoproteins

different

different lipoproteins are made up of ______________ combinations of fats and proteins

chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL

4 types of lipoproteins

chylomicron

lipoprotein that is transported from the intestines

VLDL, LDL

lipoproteins made by the liver

HDL

lipoprotein that is returned to the liver

LDL

bad cholesterol

HDL

good cholesterol

VLDL

lipoproteins that transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (especially adipose)

LDL

lipoproteins that transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and regulate cholesterol synthesis

130mg/dl

an LDL level above _______mg/dl is bad

100mg/dl

the goal is to have less than _______mg/dl LDL

70mg/dl

for those at risk of heart diesase, the goal is to have less than _________mg/dl LDL

HDLs

lipoproteins that transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver; also serve the needs of steroid-producing organs (ovaries and adrenal glands)

40-50mg/dl, 50-60mg/dl, 40mg/dl

HDL levels for males should be ___________mg/dl_, and ____________ mg/dlfor females; less than ________mg/dl is undesirable

HDL

high levels of this lipoprotein are thought to protect against heart attack

basal

the liver produces cholesterol at a __________ level regardless of dietary intake

negative

the liver produces cholesterol via a _____________ feedback loop involving serum cholesterol level

saturated

the liver produces cholesterol in response to _______________ fatty acids

fatty acids

these regulate the excretion of cholesterol

unsaturated fatty acids

type of fatty acids that enhance excretion of cholesterol

trans fats

"healthy oils" hardened by hydrogenation; unsaturated fatty acids that enhance cholesterol excretion