World final pt 6- multiple choice questions

which two developments prompted European monarchs to intervene in the French Revolution?

1) executions of the king and queen

2) spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe

How did those who perpetrated the Reign of Terror justify the execution of the french people?

They claimed it was a necessary evil to protect the revolution

What was the instrument of Terror?

the guillotine

What event marked the end of the Reign of Terror?

the execution of Robespierre

describe the goal of the program Napoleon undertook upon coming to power

he overthrew the directory and established the consulate

why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812?

Russia’s czar pulled out of a deal with Napoleon

How did Napoleon’s invasion of Russia fare?

Not well, Russian forces burned all their crops, leaving Napoleon’s troops without shelter or food

How did the effect of nationalism in the Italian states differ from that in the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires?

In the Italian states, nationalism fostered unification and the emergence of a national identity, while in the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires, it often led to fragmentation and demands for independence among various ethnic groups

Why was Captain Dreyfus framed for treason?

He was a Jewish officer wrongly accused of treason due to anti-Semitism

What did the Dreyfus Affair reveal about European society

It highlighted the pervasive anti-Semitism and deep social divisions within European society

What was Bismarck’s chief objective?

To unify Germany under Prussian leadership through diplomacy and strategic wars.

Why did the kaiser dismiss Bismark in 1890?

He wanted to make his mark on Germany and do something outlandish; this would ultimately lead to Germany’s descent into Nazi rule

Explain why serfdom impeded agricultural and technological development in Russia

Nobles had serfs to work their farms so they didn’t need agricultural technology

How did industrialization in agriculture establish the conditions needed to industrialize other areas of the economy?

Ideas spread quickly

What is capital?

Startup money

Describe the “laissez faire” approach to economy

a “hands off” approach to economy

Who favored the laissez faire approach to economy?

Middle class business leaders liked it because they thought it would help everyone, not just the wealthy

What is the goal of socialism?

People as a whole own and operate the means of production; it is achieved by eliminating class differences

What was the purpose of the 1884 Berlin Conference?

To decide what to do with European colonization so the countries didn’t go to war with each other

Summarize the goals of “new imperialism”

-satisfying demand for natural resources

-places to relocate growing populations

-harbors for military and merchant

-nationalism

-national security interests

-the desire to convert indigenous peoples

Describe the process through which the British established a protectorate in Egypt in 1882

Britain occupied Egypt

Why did the Meiji Restoration take power in Japan?

Brought the end of the Tokugawa military government

What prompted the 1857 Sepoy Uprising?

Sepoys (soldiers) guns involved pig grease and cow fat that had to be bitten into. Since Hindus and Muslims respectively do not eat cow or pig, they revolted

Describe the trick that the British devised to force China to open to trade

They sold the Chinese opium and got them addicted to it, leading to the 1839 Opium War

Describe the ultimatum that Austria Hungary gave Serbia following the archduke’s assassination

They had to cease all anti-Austrian agitation and punish Serbian officials

What was the objective of the Schlieffen Plan?

To attack quickly and defeat France through neutral belgium

What role did Europe’s colonies and their inhabitants play in WWI?

European colonies were expected to fight for their mother countries

Name two major developments that affected the Allied war effort during 1917/early 1918

-Russia pulled out of the war effort

-The US entered the war on the Allies’ side

Why did the idealistic President Wilson agree to impose such punitive terms on losing parties?

He wanted to push through his Fourteen Points, so he decided on a compromise

Why were Germans so resentful of the Treaty of Versailles? List three of its terms

The Treaty imposed heavy reparations on Germany

-they lost their territory, including colonies

-limited military

-forced to pay 400 million dollars in reparations

What conditions made the Russian people resent their country’s participation in WWI?

The Russian people were frustrated by the high casualties and lack of resources for the military

Why was Nicholas II’s decision to personally go to the front to lead his men so disastrous for Russia?

He wasn’t any more competent than his men and couldn’t lead them any better

Who lead Russia at the time of Lenin’s return?

Czar Nicholas II

To what extent did Lenin’s replacement of “war communism” with the New Economic Policy in 1921 improve Russia’s economy?

The New Economic Policy marked a significant shift by allowing some private enterprise and market mechanisms

In response to what colonial arrangement did Egyptian-born Muslim Brotherhood materialize?

British troops guarded the Suez Canal

Name and describe the 1919 event that made British eviction from the subcontinent both the INC’s stated goal and an emergency

British troops opened fire on peaceful protesters, killing almost 400 and injuring more than 1000

In what important way did Mao Zedong adapt Communism to fit Chinese conditions?

He gave peasants land, education, and healthcare to win them over

How did Jiang Jieshi’s generals think his Guomindang should respond to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria?

They believed in a limited military response and diplomatic negotiations instead of direct confrontation

How did the Japanese respond to the League of Nations’ condemnation of their seizure of Chinese Manchuria?

They withdrew from the League of Nations and continued their military expansion in China

Why were Italian nationalists upset with the post-WWI division of spoils?

They were promised land that they didn’t get

How did Stalin’s Soviet Union deviate from pure Marxist Communism?

It was a totalitarian state controlled by the bureaucracy

What was the objective of Stalin’s 1934 Great Purge?

Targeted old Bolsheviks (communist elites who launched the revolution) to eradicate potential rivals

What was the objective of the Dawes Plan?

To reduce German reparations payments

Why did conservative politicians in the Weimar government appoint Hitler chancellor of Germany in 1933?

They thought they could control him and use his popularity to stabilize the government

Why did Italy invade Ethiopia in 1935?

To avenge their loss in the 1896 Battle of Adowa

Why is the Spanish Civil War considered a “dress rehearsal” for WWII?

It “foreshadowed” Hitler and Mussolini’s agenda vs western democracies

Describe the terms to the agreement that the Western democracies made with Hitler at the 1938 Munich Conference

He promised not to seek further territory, and they gave him Switzerland

Why was the “Miracle at Dunkirk” so important for the Allied war effort in WWII?

More than 300,000 troops were ferried safely over the English Chanel as the Luftwaffe attacked relentlessly

Where was the Battle of Britain mostly fought?

in the skies over the English Chanel and Southern England

Why did the Japanese invade the US at pearl harbor in 1941?

They saw US interference as an obstacle to be dealt with

What is the significance of the Battle of Midway?

Americans destroyed four carriers and more than 250 planes, keeping Japanese from launching any more offensive attacks

What is the code name for the Allied amphibious invasion of Europe?

D-Day/Operation Overlord

Under what circumstances did the Germans surrender on May 7, 1945

Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker, Allies were closing in on Berlin from both sides

Describe the Allied strategy in the Pacific

“island-hopping” or “leapfrogging”

How did the Japanese attack enemy warships in the later war?

Kamikaze; deliberately crashing explosive-laden airplanes into American warships

What was the result of the 1938 Evian Conference?

Cut off Jewish emigration, forcing them to remain in hostile Germany

What was decided at the 1942 Wannsee Conference?

The “Final Solution"- systematic murder of Jews

How did the Holocaust change the Zionist movement?

Cemented Israel as the Jewish safe haven