EVOLUTION and Evolution By Natural Selection part 1

The biological changes that occur in an owl population over generations are known as

Evolution

A characteristic that is inherited from one parent or both parents is a

Trait

Charles Darwin described the change in traits that occurs in a population over generations as “ Descent with Modification". He was describing the process of..

Evolution

Some current species have identical traits they inherited from a common ancestor. The shared traits inherited from a common ancestor are

Homologies

The shell of all seven species of sea turtles considered a Homology. This is because these sea turtles shared a common ancestor that has: a. evolution B. Adaptation C. Teeth D. Fingers E. Shells

Shells.

A trait that improve the ability to reproduce in a specific enironemnt is a(n)

Adaptation

Which lines of evidence show that biological changes in populations have occurred over generation?

The fossil record, significant change in the traits of domesticated crops and animals, and drug resistance in many pathogen populations.

The frequency of alleles coding for antiboitic resistance increased in a bacterial population over generations. This is an example of

Evolution

Some allele in a population always increase in frequency in future generations of the population. These Alleles always

Increase the ability to reproduce in the current enironement.

What is required for a population to evolve by natural selection over generations

Some individuals have alleles that improve reproduction in the current environment

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed that the evolution of populations over generations is caused by which process

Natural Selection

Natural selection is relevant to your daily lives becuase it has resulted in

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Antiviral drug-resistant viruses, disease vectors resistant to pesticides, and crop pest resistant to pesticides.

According to charles darwin and alfred russell wallace, the evolution of population over generations is the product and

Natural selection is the process

Evolution is common in agricutural systems. How does eveolution affect agriculture?

Results in pesticide resistant pest populations, result in increased pesticide use, pesticid-resistant pests reduce crop yields.

Which insects are vector of disease for some virulent human viruses and some virulent pathogenic protozoa?

Some mosquito species

Malaria patients have been treated with quinine (Chloroquine) for decades. This has resulted in the evolution of

Quinine resistance in Plasmodium Falciparum (malaria)

Which factors in the habitat could affect the ability of individuals to reproduce under current evironemntal conditions and thus drive natural selection

Abiotic factors and Biotic factors

What is an example of convergent (Parallel) evolution in nature?

Dolphins, Fish, sharks have similar shapes that enable efficient swimming

Anglers prefer larger tuna . This preference has favored the evolution of population with

smaller body size: more genenation with smaller body size in tuna which can allow them to escape from nets

Hunters prefer deers that have larger antler. This preference has favored the evolution of deers populations whose male have-

Smaller antlers

Which practice has contributed to the increased frequency of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria that infect humans

• Prescribing antibiotics to patients infected with viruses

• Prescribing antibiotics to patients infected with pathogenic fungi (yeast infections)

• Prescribing antibiotics to patients without bacterial infection.

— is biological change that occurs over generations

Evolution

What is Allele?

Allele is an alternative form of a gene

Phenotype is due to the complex interaction between —— & —-

environemnt & genotype

A— is an inherited characteristic

Trait

An Adaptation is a — that improve —- in a —- envrionemnt

Trait, reproduction, specific

Alleles contain — genetic instructions

different

Does each allele have unique nucleotide sequence?

yes

What is phenotype?

• An individuals’s observable anatomical, physiological and behavioral characteristics.

• Also, a Characteristic due to the complex interaction between the individuals’s Environment and genotype

A — is an individuals of the same species that inhabit a specific location at a specific time

Population

---

is a group of population whose members can reproduce with one another to produce fertile offspring

Species = A type of life form

Trait is what?

A characteristic inherited from a parent or both parent.

Adaptation is a

• Trait that increases reproduction in a specific environement.

Animals species show changes in their -,-, and - - over generations

• Anatomy

• Behavior

• Physiology-related traits

Charles Darwin defined evolution as

“Descent with modification from a common ancestor”

Parents transmit “—” coded in __ to offspring

Adaptive traits, DNA

A__ is a trait shared by related species inherited from a common Ancestor

Homology

What is homology?

• A trait shared by related species inherited from a common ancestor

Does DNA mutations enable biological changes?

Yes

— in a gene form new alleles

Mutations

How does one see the changes in animals and plant traits have changed over generations?

Fossil records.

Another name for selective breeding?

Artificial selection

Selective breeding shows that life can change over generations for what?

Animals and plants

Evolution is the process by which the living world has been developing _ _ _ _ _

After the Origin of life

— is the change in allele frequency ( generic structure) in a populations over generation

Evolution

is evolution relevant to medicine and public health?

yes

What is antibiotic resistance

• The ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce in the prsence of antiibotics that would normally kill them.

Why does improper antibiotic use increase resistance?

It kills susceptible bacterial while allowing resistant one to survive and multiply

What is plasmodium falciparum?

A protozoan parasite that cause the most severe form of malaria

How Does Evolution Impact Medicine ?

• Antibiotic reistance in pathogenic bacteria

• Artemisinin & Quinine Resistance In Plasmodium falciparum Populations That Cause Malaria

• Anti-Viral Drug Resistance In - HIV Population, Influenza Populations (Tamiflu), SARS-CoV-2 Populations (Nirmatrelvir - Paxlovid)

How Does Evolution Impact public health?

• Pesticide Resistance Evolved In - Flea & Lice Populations

• Mosquito Populations: Dengue Fever, Malaria, Yellow Fever, Zika

• Tick population: Lyme disease

A —- is a toxin that kills pests

Pesticide

Insecticide is a — that kills insects and arachnids

pesticide

Does viruses evolve resistance in vaccine?

yes

What enable cancer cells in tumor to evolve resistance to anti-cancer drugs

Mutations

Can evolution affect Agriculture?

yes

How is agriculture affected by evolution?

• Antibiotic Resistance In Pathogenic Bacteria Populations

• Fungicide Resistance In Pathogenic Fungi Populations

• Herbicide Resistance In Weed Populations

• Insecticide Resistance In Insect Pest Populations

Evolution is —- to Agriculture

relevant

What does insect pests, parasitic plants and plant pathogens evolve resistance to

• Genetically-Modified Resistant Crops

• Resistant Crop Varieties Produced By Selective Breeding

Natural selection is the — and — is the product

Process, Evolution

who proposed that natural selection is the process that drives the evolution of populations over generations

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

What does antibiotics do to bacteria?

• It destroy it or reduce reproductions

Bacterial use antibiotics to communicate about

• Favorable environments (Food)

• Harmful stimuli (predator and toxins)

• Movement (Motility)

Ways to reduce antibiotic resistance evolution

• Prescribe antibiotics to patients with bacteria infections only

• Don’t use on patients with fungus, protozoa or virus infections

• Don’t use on livestock with bacterial infections, orchard trees with bacterial infection and pets with bacterial infection

What are the reasons that wild animals have been Transformed into domesticated animals

• Cancer & Infectious Disease Detection

• Companionship

• Food

• Hunting

• Law enforcement

• Military Purposes

• Odor Detection (Bombs,Disease Symptoms, Narcotics, Truffles

• Protection

• Therapy

• Transportation

• Work

Our ancestors Used selective breeding to transform wild plant into domesticated plants for what?

• Drugs

• Dyes

• Fiber (net, rope, wood)

• food

illegal hunting has casued the evolution of female african elephant —- tusks

without

Humans drive natural selection in aquatic species : Killifish evolved — in Atlantic Coast & Gulf Coast Salt Marshes

toxin-resistance

If all big, strong, tall trees are taken by logging, what can of trees would be left in the forest,

Only shorter, shrub-like, thinner trees are left.

another name for convergent evolution

Parallel evolution

What is convergent evolution?

• Similar traits evolve over generations in different species or among the population of a species, whose common ancestor lacked these traits.

Similar adaptations evolve under similar environmental condition

Example of convergent evolution in animals are:

• Flying Squirrels In North America = Sugar Gliders in Australia

• Bats, birds, and Dragonflies show similar adaptations for flight

• Magellanic Penguins At The South Pole = Atlantic Puffins At The North Pole

Example of convergent evolution in Humans?

Some human population evolved the ability to digest lactose (Milk sugar)

Lactose tolerance is due to ——- mutations

2 or more than 2 mutations