Psychology (Ch. 7-8)

Encoding

The process of getting the information into memory.

Storage

The process of keeping the information in memory.

Retrieval

The process of getting the information out of memory.

Implicit memories

Nondeclarative memories that are formed through automatic processing.

Explicit memories

Memories of facts and experiences that one can consciously declare.

Semantic memory

A type of explicit memory that involves facts and general knowledge.

Episodic memory

A type of explicit memory that involves personally experienced events.

Sensory memory

The initial, brief storage of sensory information.

Working memory

Short-term memory that holds about 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information.

Chunking

A memory strategy that involves grouping information into larger units.

Mnemonics

Memory aids or techniques to improve recall.

Spacing effect

The phenomenon where distributed practice leads to better retention than massed practice.

Retrieval cues

Stimuli that help in the retrieval of memories.

Serial position effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.

Forgetting

Failure to encode, store, or retrieve information.

Misinformation effect

The phenomenon in which a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate due to post-event information.

Method of Loci

A mnemonic device that uses imagery to remember information.

Overlearning

Continuing to study and practice information even after it has been initially learned.

Alfred Binet

Binet-Simon

Intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon to assess children's mental abilities.

David Wechsler

Responsible for the WAIS, which is the most widely used intelligence test

Characteristics of a Good Test

Reliability, Validity, Standardization

IQ score significance

100 is average, 70 is below average, and 130 is excellent

Standard Deviation of IQ Test

15 points

Primacy

The first thing you remember

Regency

The last thing you remember