Studied by 5 peoplecounter-urbanization
a process involving the movement of population away from inner urban areas to new towns
suburb
a residential area within or just outside the boundaries of a city
suburbanization
the outward growth of towns and cities to engulf the surrounding villages/rural areas
may result from the out-migration of the population from the inner urban areas to the suburbs or from inward rural-urban movement
urbanization
the process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities
may involve both rural-urban migration and natural increase
urban sprawl
the unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
closely linked to the process of suburbanization
rural-urban migration
movement of people away from the countryside to towns and cities
gentrification
reinvestment of capital into inner-city areas (i.e. improvement of residential areas)
gentrification is a more market-driven process
renovating and improving a neighborhood, often resulting in an increase in property values
brownfield sites
abandoned
urban renewal
revitalization of urban areas and a movement of people back into these areas
comprehensive program of redevelopment that can involve the demolition and replacement of existing buildings and infrastructure.
centripetal movement
a shift of the population and economic activity from the periphery to the centre of the urban area
Rural-Urban Migration
Gentrification
Urban Renewal
centrifugal movements
a shift of the population and economic activity from the centre of the urban area to its periphery and beyond
suburbanization
counterurbanisation
sustainable urban management strategy
an approach to urban management that seeks to maintain and improve the quality of life for current and future urban dwellers
aspects of management may be social, economic or environmental
Settlement Heirarchy
when settlements are naked in order of size or importance
shanty towns
illegal self-help settlements
classified as slums of hope or slums of despair
central business district (CBD)
commercial and economic core of a city
urban heat island (UHI)
urban areas that are generally 2-4* C warmer than those of the surrounding countryside
eco-city/sustainable city
a city designed to have minimal environmental impact
urban ecological footprint
the amount of land required to sustain its metabolism that is to provide the raw materials on which it feeds and processes the waste it produces it excretes
urban settlement
an area of habitation that provides services to the surrounding countryside
rural settlement
a dwelling or group of dwellings that simply provides housing for farm workers
urban decay
the abandonment and lack of demand for inner city areas as a result of slowing or declining population growth rates in MEDCs
Peak Land Value Intersection (PLVI)
the point in a CBD with the highest land value
degree of connectedness of a location has in relation to transport communications
associated with retail, industry, and residential uses
and proximity to CBD
distance decay
a principle which states that land prices usually fall away quite sharply from the PLVI
bid-rent theory
a principle that states that retailers can afford the highest rents
population density hollow
in the CBD residential land use is usually outbid by retailing and office space so the population of the CBD part of the city is low
Burgess model
land uses are arranged around the CBD in concentric circles, with the profitable uses being found closest to the city center
Multiple Nuclei model
land uses are arranged in cells or patches throughout the city depending on the availability and the quality of land
an urban area develops around a number of different business centers
there are several nuclei that act as growth points
Hoyt Sector model
land uses are arranged in sectors rather than concentric circles. wealthy live on higher ground
manufacturing and industry is along transport routes
Sphere of Influence
distance people are willing to travel to get to a certain place
threshold population - minimum number of people are willing to travel to support a settlement or service
range - the max distance people are prepared to travel to obtain particular services
Order of Goods
Higher Order
requires a higher threshold population to support the service or business
goods that are not purchased as often
Low order
convenience of goods
smaller threshold population to make money as people buy products often
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains the distribution of services
all settlements act as a centre that people travel to access different services
larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for more people willing to travel farther.
Secondary Land Value Peak
like PLVI but not centered around an CBD - retail into one small area and not other industries and residential not willing to pay
Microclimate
Climate within a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area
urban climate
weather patterns in cities
Urban Stress
Pollution
Relative urban social deprivation
hardship caused by lack of access to services that majority of a population have
Absolute urban social deprivation
hardship that is potentially life-threatening or leads to physical or mental health problems- changes with time
Lorenz Curve
shows income distribution in a society - shows actual wealth - used to show inequalities in distribution
Gini Coefficient
A measure of income inequality within a population
Urban management
policies, plans, programs, and practices that seek to ensure that population growth is matched by access to basic infrastructure, shelter, and employment.
Social Deprivation
reduction or prevention of culturally normal interactions between an individual and the rest of society
factors
mental illness
poverty
poor education
low socio-economic status
Deindustrialisation
sustained decline in manufacturing activity and capacity
decline in output from manufacturing or decrease in the number of ppl employed in manufacturing
Forced relocation
speculative activity to developed land often leads to displacement of communities living in low value properties and can no longer afford to live in an area
Note
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