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Anatomy
The study of the structures in the body
Physiology
The study of the function of bodily structures
Internal Environment
The environment where cells live in the body.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
Interdependency of Cells
Cells depending on each other to function & communicate.
Gradients
A substance that drives the movement of ions, nutrients, and water through cells
Permeability
The measure of how easily a substances can cross the membrane.
Cellular Differentiation
The process when a less specialized cell develops into a more specialized cell type, getting more specific functions and characteristics
Cell-to-cell Communication
The process when cells send and receive signals to coordinate functions
Energy Process
The conversion of nutrients to energy to keep cells active
Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
Main Chemicals in the human body
Receptors
Provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment
Control Center
Process information from the receptors & orchestrates a response to keep stability
Pathology
The study of disease
P.R.N.
Pro re nata (as needed)
SOB
Shortness of breath
A&P
Anatomy and physiology
BP
Blood pressure
Dx
Diagnosis
NPO
Nothing by mouth
Communicable
Any disease that has the potential to be spread from one person to another.
Cytology
The study of cells
The study of tissue
Histology
Morphology
The study of shape by observing the form and structure of organisms.
Etiology
The cause of disease
Epidemiology
The study of the transmission of diseases
Epidemic
When a disease occurs suddenly in large numbers in a specific region
Endemic
A disease that occurs in a specific population or region
Pandemic
When a disease spread country, or world wide
Idiopathic
A disease with a cause cannot be determined
Metabolism
Life sustaining chemical reactions in the body
Catabolism
When complex substances are broken down into simpler ones
Anabolism
When simple substances are used to build larger, more complex ones
Supine
Lying on their back-face up
)) Prone
Lying on stomach, face down
Trendelenburg
Lying down with head of the bed lower than the feet
Anatomical
Patient standing erect, with face forward, feet parallel, arms hanging to the side, palms facing forward
Organs found in the abdominopelvic cavity
Stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen
Organs found in the thoracic cavity
Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea
Ultrasound
Uses sound waves to take pictures of the body
CAT scan
A type of imaging uses X-ray to take pictures of the body.
MRI
Imaging using magnetism to take pictures of the body
Soft tissue
Areas of the body that X-rays pass through easily are _____
Bone & tumor
Area of the body that allows few X-rays to pass through are ________
Eternal
Breastbone region
Pedal
Foot region
Pubic
Genital region
Axillary
Armpit region
Cervical
Neck region
Epigastric
Superior central portion of the abdomen
Thoracic
Chest region
Gluteal
Buttock region
Lumbar
Lower back region
Oral
Mouth region
Buccal
Cheek region
Antecubital
Depressed area in front of the elbow
Digital
Finger region
Nasal
Nose region
Elements
A structure that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Oxygen, Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
96% of the human body is made up of these elements
Atoms
All elements are composed of smaller particles called ______
Proton
Positive charge (+)
Neutron
No charge (neutral)
Electron
Negative Charge (-)
Nitrogen
The element that is a component of proteins and nocleic acids
Calcium
The element found as salt in bones and teeth
Carbon
Component of organic molecules that involves carbs, fat, proteins and molecules
Hydrogen
An organic molecule that influences the pH of body fluids
Potassium
The element necessary for the conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
Iodine
Element used to make thyroid hormones functional.
Iron
Element is a component of hemoglobin & some enzymes
Sodium
The element is important in water balance
Iodine - 131
Is used to determinethe size and activity of the thyroid gland
Synthesis
When two or more elements or compounds combine to make a more complex substance (A+B—>AB)
Decomposition
When compounds break down into simpler substances (AB —>A+B)
Single replacement
Occurs when one element replaces another one in a compound
(AB+C—>AC+B)
Double replacement
Occurs when different atoms in two different compounds trade places
(AB+CD→AC+BD)
PH Scale
Measures how acidic or basic a substance is
Benefits of protein
Build 8 repair tissues, make enzymes& hormones, & support immune function
Muscles, skin, bones, hair, nails, and organs
Parts of the body protein helps
Foods that contain proteins
Meats, eggs. Nuts, beans
Amino acids
Organic molecules that are the building blocks for proteins
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
The order our bodies use food
DNA
Deoxyribonudeic acid
Nucleus
The DNA makes up chromosomes, which are located in the ____ of a cell
Genes
Small section of a DNA molecule that determine genetic traits
Deoxyribose
Sugar found in DNA
Thymine & cytosine
The pyridine bases are ______ & ______
Adenine & guanine
The purine bases are ______ & _______
Thymine
In complimentary base pairing adenine bonds with
Guanine
In complimentary base pairing cytosine bonds with
2 strands
A DNA molecule consists of _______
Nucleotide
The long chain of repeating units that makes DNA
Phosphodiester bond
Nucleotides are attached by bonds between __________ and the phosphate group
Double
DNA is shaped like a _____ helix
Note 
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