quimica 1er parcial (iv)

renewable natural resources

renewable natural resources

resources that replenish rapidly. ex. (trees, animals, fresh water).

nonrenewable natural resources

resources that exist in a fixed amount, and take too long to replenish. ex. (mineral, fossil fuels).

perpetual natural resources

resources that will never be depleted. ex. (solar energy, wind).

ecological services

using natural resources to obtain biological and ecological benefits. ex. trees providing O₂ for living beings.

economic services

using natural resources to obtain economic benefits. ex. trees for furniture manufacturing

composting

organic matter is decomposed by degradation to obtain a fertilizer/organic material that can be used for agriculture and gardening.

landfill

the most common method for municipal solid wastes, consists in a land covered with soil, designed to concentrate wastes avoiding pests and leaks.

incineraton

use the process of combustion to convert the waste materials into carbon dioxide and water. the process consists in burning hazardous materials at temperatures high enough to destroy contaminants.

confinement

a special method used to isolate and confine hazardous wastes such as battery acids and nuclear plants wastes.

carbon

its located in period 2 and group 4A of the periodic table. it has 4 valence electrons, and forms 4 bonds, its also a nonmetal, so it forms covalent bonds. it has the ability to form very long chains of C-C bonds through concatenation.

organic compound

it’s a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and can also include other atoms, like O, N, S, P, or the halogens (F, Cl, Br and I). its properties are:

• non-polar molecules

• non-soluble

• less dense than water

• low melting/boiling points

• high flammability

hydrocarbons

all of them contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only. they are divided into saturated and unsaturated, this includes alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

alkanes

saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbons (-). its simplest compound is methane (CH₄).

alkenes

unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between carbons (=). its simplest compound is ethene (CH₂ = CH₂).

alkynes

unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond between carbons (≡). its simplest compound is ethyne (CH ≡ CH).

aromatics

hydrocarbons that contain the benzene ring, a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. they’re used for artifical sweetners and explosives.

sp³

hybridization type which has;

• tetrahedral shape

• 4 hybrid orbitals, no unhybrids

• 4 single bonds

• 109.5^o angle between orbitals

sp₂

hybridization type which has;

• trigonal planar shape

• 3 hybrid orbitals, 1 unhybrid

• 1 double bond, 2 single bonds

• 120^o angle between orbitals

sp

hybridization type which has;

• linear shape

• 2 hybrid orbitals, 2 unhybrids

• 1 triple and 1 single bond, or 2 double bonds

• 180^o angle between orbitals

halocarbon

( -X = F, Cl, Br, I ) they were found in banned refrigerants and spray propellants.

alcohol

( R - OH ) used in disinfectants, beverages, antifreeze, electronics cleaner and
moisturizer (glycerol).

ether

( R - O - R’ ) found in solvents, anesthesic and spray propellant.

aldehyde

( -CHO ) or ( O = -CH ) they’re used for preservatives of biological species, and flavoring (vanilllin and cinnamon).

ketone

( O = - C - ), key: OC. found in solvents, nailpolish remover and sexual hormones (progesterone and testosterone)

carboxylic acid

( -CHOO ) or ( O = - C - OH ) they’re used in flavoring and preservatives like citric acid and vinegar; inside the stinging agent of ants, and butter flavor.

ester

( -COO- ) or ( O = - C - O -) its found in pleasant odors from fruits and flowers, its used in perfumes; as well as polyester (textiles) and PET bottles.

amine

( - NH - ) inside stimulants such as: amphetamines, adrenaline, nicotine, and caffeine. also, responsible for fish odor.

amide

( O = - C - NH - ) used as a common fertilizer, also found in drugs and medicines such as diazepam (sleeping), and LSD.