hottt

Brown v Topeka Board of Education 1952

"seperate but equal" since Plessy V Ferguson; this challenged public school segregation; struck down segregation

NAACP

Thurgood Marshal of NAACP argued segregation

Montgomery Bus Boycott

followed Rosa parks by 50000 black Americans for a year; segregation on the bus became unconstitutional; south was slow to changes

Rosa Parks

refused to give up her seat

Martin Luther King Jr.

spokes person for boycotters

Central High School

Little Rock, Arkansas 1957; desegregation began when 9 students admitted to CHS; Governor Orval Faubus refused enterance; Little Rock, Arkansas 1957; desegregation began when 9 students admitted to CHS; Governor Orval Faubus said to prevent from entering

SCLC and SNCC

formed after Montgomery Boycott; practiced nonviolent resistance in its protest; launched boycotts, sit-ins,& marches in protest 1963

Non-violent protest (methods and purpose)

sit ins to bring attention to inequality&racism in segregation

Freedom Riders/Core

CORE formed from Freedom Riders (protest transportation segregation); riders were bombed & arrested, Federal Marshals sent to protect

March of Washington 1968, "I Have a Dream Speech"

August 25, 1963 @ Lincoln Memorial for a new civil rights bill (March on Washington); bomb in Birmingham church

Freedom Summer 1964

campaign to register African-American voters; focused on Mississippi; 3 volunteers abducted and murdered while working towards black suffrage

Selma Alabama 1964

2nd attempt to register voters; protest march; protesters beaten ("Bloody Sunday"); 1968 over 1/2 of voters in South were registered

Black Power Movement/Malcom X/Black Panthers

questions the effectiveness of non-violence -Self defense?; separate from white society to progress; Malcolm X broke w/nation of islam and was assassinated; Black Panthers Huey Newton&Bobby Seale in California, no violence unless self defense

Watts Riots 1965

since progress was slow, and impoverishment, riots broke out in California after a routine arrest by police officer

MLK Jr.'s Assassination

embraced black power and incorporated issue of labor&poverty into his movement; assasinated after RFK 1968; led to more radical positions in society

Cesar Chavez

organized migrant farm workers (mainly Mexican Americans) for better wages/working conditions, NONviolently

AIM

demands gov. to pay tribes for illegally taken land; a group took control of Alcatraz (location taken through broken treaty); protest @ Wounded Knee (fight between authorities&Native protesters)

Women's Movement (Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinam)/NOW/ERA

feminism; NOW formed in 1966 w/Better Friedan&Gloria Steinem; fair pay and equal job opportunities; ERA stemmed from NOW, never passed

John F. Kennedy

Catholic Democrat; won 1960s election; debate amongst advisors for best solution (Kennedy Administration); assassinated 1963

Richard Nixon

Republican; ran against JFK in 1960 election; lost

International concerns: Indochina (Vietnam, Laos & Cambodia)/Cuba/Berlin/Nuclear Weapons

INDOCHINA- Communists and anti-communists still had problems; BERLIN- still suffering , US support; CUBA- sent anti-Castro overthrow (failed and all imprisoned); NUCLEAR WEAPONS- US tried to get nuclear test ban, Soviets refused and US continued to test

Cuban Missile Crisis

missile sites in Cuba; JFK didn't want to attack, instead forced naval blockade off all military equipment; America removed from Turkey/Russia removes from Cuba

Civil Rights under Kennedy

assigned high gov roles, EEOC, 24th Amendment, proposed civil rights package (didn't pass)

Kennedy Assassination

1963, Lee Harvey Oswald (Marxist), LBJ set up Warren Commission (conspiracy)

LBJ's Great Society program

attempt to finish JFK's proposition; changes: edu, medical, civil rights, housing, and immigration; Job Corps, Upward Bound, Operation Headstart, and Vista

Civil Rights Acts of 1963 and 1965

1963- ensures access to public accommodations & prohibits discrimination in business; 1965- Federal gov supervises voting registration

Warren Court significance

MvO- evidence illegally obtained cant be used in court; GvW- legal counsel to those accused of capital offense (death/ 1+ yrs); MvA- must inform arrested ppl of their rights

Ho Chi Minh

leader of Marxist-Nationalists, leads battle against France for Independence

Vietnam War

Ho Chi Minh battles France for independence; Eisenhower supports French; Geneva Agreement 1956; public tries to overthrow Ngo Dinh Diem w/Viet Cong

Eisenhower and Geneva

Eisenhower gave French $2 billion, just to be pushed out by guerilla warfare

Agreement 1956

split vietnam @ 17th parallel; Ho Chi Minh in N; Ngo Dinh Diem in S

Ngo Dinh Diem and South Vietnam

Vietnamese public hated; formed NLF to overthrow (members are called Viet Cong)

Kennedy in Vietnam

domino theory; Diem was assasinated, Bao Dai takes control; didn't want American military to expand too far into Vietnam

The Viet Cong

guerilla tactics; made it hard for Americans to attack; US seen as foreign enemy

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

LBJ refused communism in Vietnam; Gulf of Tonkin resolution (US ship attacked- resolution passed + gave power to fight undeclared war)

Americanization of Vietnam War/the draft

30% able to put off; poor men outnumbered those in higher classes; African-Americans&Hispanics served

Unfairness of military draft

people attending college could put off draft, leaving poor men to fight

Operation Thunder - massive bombing

weaken NV by aerial bombing; didn't work bc there was little infrastructure to bomb

Use of Agent Orange/Effects

chemical designed to strip land of vegetation, ended up getting everyone sick w/ future birth defects

Americans Divided/Hawks & Doves

Hawks- favored war, domino theory, greater military force; Doves- opposed, immoral&pointless, no point in US interest/security

Anti-War movement

SDS groups (democratic society); money better spent to alleviate poverty; protests

Tet Offensive 1968

turning point in the war US turns against war; attack on Vietnamese New Year; killed many, couldn't win war

Credibility Gap

journalists&experts VS military&gov gap in "truth"; began to believe gov was lying

Election of 1968

Vietnam war was main concern; LBJ dropped out of race; Robert F. Kennedy v Richard Nixon (WON)

Nixon & Vietnamization

said to slowly pull out Americans & train South against communism North; instead, seemed to expand by bombing & invasion

Secret bombings and invasion of Cambodia

secret bombings + invasion of Cambodia to flush out any Viet Cong; bombing brought a civil war under Khmer Rouge & opposition (terrible)

End of the Vietnam War

peace treat 1973; Kissinger called for withdraw of troops, retrun POW, aid to South Vietnam; reunited all Vietnam under Communist power

Richard Nixon's background

HUAC, fame from Alger Hiss investigation; supported hunt for communists; Republican win in 1968

Space Race

hit peak under Nixon; billions to reach moon; creatednew jobs; watched moon landing; "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind"

China and Soviet Union

US wanted relations w/ China AND Soviet but they were enemies; SALT to slow nuclear race; ease tensions under Nixon

Pentagon Papers

secret study of US involvement in Vietnam; gov. misled American public; report is printed and solidified US mistrust

"Plumbers"

Nixon's special unit to stop leaks of information; discredit Ellsberg; begining of end for Nixon

Watergate, Cover-up, Investigation and Nixon's resignation

W- spying on Democrats w/"plumbers"; C- prevent negative publicity for his administration; Gov start investigating and he covers up more (Nixon Tapes)

Gerald Ford and Nixon's pardon

Nixon resigns before impeached; Gerald Ford takes over; Nixon is pardoned

last major clash between U.S. troops +Natives; end sacred "Ghost Dance"; urged U.S. gov. to make ritual illegal

Unit 5: Wounded Knee

reflected force-civilization views of reformers; dissolved tribes; eliminated communal tribe ownership; eradicate Indian culture

Unit 5: Dawes Severalty Act (Allotment Act)

closing of the frontier had ended an era of American history; no more frontier -\> Western Civilization was \#1

Unit 5: Impact/Meaning of "The Frontier"

Society+gov. shouldn't interfere unless necessary--\> stock prices fell&companies went bankrupt; depressions, factory closings, unemployment; unstable economy

Unit 5: Characteristics of big business

defensive alliances to protect profits; divide market, establish prices, place profits in common fund, and pro-rate profits

Unit 5: Pools

gets share of profits of new conglomerate; __trustees managed the companies as a single__ __unit__ (trust); Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust

Unit 5: Trusts

high rates&wage ruthless competition to pay off financial obligations; bribed to get their own men elected to office (oligarchy); The Sherman Antitrust Act

Unit 5: Railroad Companies' abuses/Government regulation

outlawed trusts, monopolies, and cartels to increase economic competitiveness

The Sherman Antitrust Act

survival of the fittest; (Society+gov. shouldn't interfere unless necessary)

Unit 5: Social Darwinism

Segregated through race, ethnicity, and social class

Unit 5: Class divisions

makes same product then limit supply (higher prices)

Unit 5: Cartels

told workers to vote for politicians supported by Tammany; William M. "Boss" Tweed

Unit 5: Tammany Hall

Andrew Carnegie; one business gained __control of all phases of a products dev.; drove competitors out of business__

Vertical Integration

elected people can appoint friends+supporters

Unit 5: Spoils System (Patronage)

H- Carnegie's steel company partner tried to cut wages-\> strike; Pinkertons/ HS- anarchists riot; pardoned (public hysteria)/ P-American Railway Union; Eugene V. Debs encouraged (union fell apart)

Unit 5: Homestead/Haymarket Square/Pullman Strikes

50% worked in agriculture- 25%; class divisions; farmers lost ground; depressions+recessions led to unrest

Unit 5: Attitude towards Environment/Resources in Gilded Age

Rockefeller's approach; creation of one giant business from smaller enterprises

Unit 5: Horizontal Integration

faith in ability of humans to solve problems; Rejected "survival of the fittest"; improve living conditions in cities and labor reform for women+children

Unit 6: Progressivism

(Investigative journalists); exposed corruption in business

Unit 6: Muckrakers

after WWI; freedom of seas, self-determination, arms reduction, peace & freedom between nations

14 Points

sensationalists; Hearst & Pulitzer--> jingoism (national pride & aggressive foreign policy); popularity → using exaggeration and sensationalism to sell newspapers

Unit 6: Yellow Journalism

1st gen. educated college woman; Hull House; NAACP; condemned war & poverty

Unit 6: Jane Addams

3 part (convince leg. to adopt, test 14th amendment, national Constitutional Amendment); 1920 passed

Unit 6: Women's suffrage/19th Amendment

Republican; 1908; 90 trusts; not popular w/public/Reform minded Republicans

Unit 6: William Howard Taft

black journalist; anti-lynching movement (hoping for federal law)

Unit 6: Ida B. Wells

146 women ; regulated hours & ages which children could work; states adopted compulsory edu. up to high school level

Unit 6: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Upton Sinclair; made Roosevelt push for food regulation; cleaner conditions for meat packaging

Unit 6: The Jungle

advocated war w/Spain; 1901; Progressive Republican

Unit 6: Theodore Roosevelt

governor; The Wisconsin Experiment; against Republican "old guard"; destroy political machines; control of lumber/RR trusts; PROGRESSIVE gov.

Unit 6: Robert LaFollette

CENTRAL- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria; ALLIES- Great Britain, British empire, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium

Unit 6: Allies/Central Powers in WWI

urged U.S. to intervene Cuba V. Spain; McKinley resisted war- sent list of demands and Spain agrees (ended up declaring war); "Splendid Little war" (John Hayes)

Unit 6: Spanish-American War

heir to Austria-Hungary throne; assassinated in Sarajevo (Black Hand member); possible last strike for WWI

Unit 6: Archduke Franz Ferdinand

ethnic groups demanded right of self-determination; "Tinderbox of Europe" (1 more problem--\> war)

Unit 6: The Balkans

European powers sought safety through alliance systems; Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy); Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia)

Unit 6: Alliance Systems

arms race Germany + Berlin (armies, navies, weaponry); propose military solutions\>peaceful solutions

Unit 6: Militarism

Mexican Rev.; American Interests wanted US intervention for protection; Tampico Incident (Wilson ordered Navy to seize Cruz); Carranza (US supported); US withdraws

Unit 6: Mexico

1912; Democrat; anti-Imperialist; didn't want aggressive foreign policy (however intervened in LA from pressure of companies)

Unit 6: Woodrow Wilson

leased Pearl Harbor to US; give white Hawaiian planters control of the government; queen wanted to reduce power of foreign merchants; ANNEXED

Unit 6: Hawaii

Taft; increase US business investment abroad by maintaining orderly societies abroad

Unit 6: "Dollar Diplomacy"

European powers+Japan want economic control in China; provides equal access to Chinese consumers

Unit 6: "Open Door Policy"

in work force; got jobs and independence; immediately lost when veterans came home

Unit 6: Women in WWI

college enrollment; analyze human society; rejected survival of the fittest; public-health program

Unit 6: Social Sciences

in Europe in 1918; going into Great Depression

Unit 6: Spanish Flu

Russian leader going in to WWI; succeeded by Kerensky; overthrown by Bolshevik Revolutionaries who took control and took Russia out of war

Unit 6: Czar Nicholas II

__after Nicholas II; leader of Democracy__, after Bolshevik rev.; soon __overthrown by Lenin__ w/Bolsheviks

Unit 6: Alexander Kerensky

Russian leader after Kerensky; 1st leader of USSR

Unit 6: Lenin