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Organelles
Compartments within a cell that have specific functions.
Ribosomes
Structures responsible for protein synthesis in a cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A membrane-bound organelle involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Cytosol
The fluid region of a cell where organelles are located.
Nucleus
The membrane-bound organelle that stores genetic material in a cell.
Nucleolus
A smaller structure within the nucleus that produces ribosomal RNA.
Mitochondria
Organelles responsible for aerobic cellular respiration and ATP production.
Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
Cell wall
A rigid structure found in plant cells that provides support and protection.
Endosymbiotic theory
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
An interconnected system of membrane-enclosed flattened channels in the cell responsible for protein synthesis, transport, folding, lipid and steroid synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Rough ER
Type of endoplasmic reticulum that stays closer to the nucleus and coordinates protein synthesis. It is studded with ribosomes on its outer side.
Smooth ER
Type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and specializes in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone production, and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus
A cell organelle consisting of several stacks of membrane-bound sacs that process, package, and export proteins and lipid molecules.
Vesicles
Small bubbles generated by budding from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus that transport proteins to their destinations within the cell.
Peroxisome
A spherical organelle responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances in the cell.
Lysosome
A membrane-bounded sphere filled with digestive enzymes that break down substances entering the lysosome into raw materials for the cell to reuse.
Cytoskeleton
A three-dimensional framework within a eukaryotic cell that provides support and strength, determines cell shape, enables cell mobility, facilitates movement of cell organelles, and moves chromosomes during cell division.
Centrioles
Organelles found near the nucleus of animal cells that exist in pairs and aid in cellular division and determine the locations of organelles within the cells.
Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plant cells responsible for capturing light energy and converting it to sugars through photosynthesis.
Vacuole
A large fluid-filled organelle in plant cells that stores nutrients, minerals, and plant pigments, and is involved in waste removal.
Cell Wall
A structure surrounding the cell membrane in most prokaryotes, some protists, and all plant, fungi, and algae cells that provides support and prevents overexpansion of the cell.
Endosymbiotic theory
The theory proposed by Lynn Margulis that suggests some organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, were once prokaryotic microbes themselves that were taken up by another cell for mutual benefit.
Symbiosis
The concept where one organism lives within another organism for mutual benefit.
Mitochondria
Organelles found in cells that are responsible for energy production through a process called cellular respiration.
Chloroplasts
Organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process of converting sunlight into energy.
Antibiotics
Substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Division
The process of reproduction that occurs via a fission-like process.
DNA
The genetic material that carries the instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.
Ribosomes
Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use for growth.
Nodules
Structures found on the roots of legumes where nitrogen-fixing bacteria live.
Algae
Simple, photosynthetic organisms that can live independently or within other organisms.
Plasma membrane
The outer boundary of a cell that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Phospholipids
Molecules that make up the plasma membrane and have a polar phosphate head and non-polar fatty acid tails.
Cholesterol
A molecule found in the plasma membrane that helps maintain its fluidity.
Proteins
Molecules embedded within the plasma membrane that serve various functions such as transport, metabolic activity, connections, and cell identity.
Hydrophilic
Substances that are attracted to water.
Hydrophobic
Substances that repel water.
Osmosis
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
The passive movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.
Active transport
The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring the input of energy.
Fluid mosaic model
A model that describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a fluid phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
Amphipathic
Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Integral proteins
Proteins permanently attached to the plasma membrane and typically span across the bilayer.
Peripheral proteins
Proteins temporarily attached to the plasma membrane and associate with one surface of the membrane.
Transport proteins
Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane.
Reception proteins
Proteins that accept signals and initiate specific responses within the cell.
Anchorage proteins
Proteins that connect the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, providing structural support.
Cell identity proteins
Proteins that allow cells to be recognized as "self" or foreign.
Intercellular junctions
Structures formed by proteins that allow cells to join together and facilitate communication.
Enzymatic activity
Proteins that act as enzymes, catalyzing biochemical reactions within the cell.
Cholesterol
A component of animal cell membranes that helps maintain integrity and stability.
Carbohydrates
Small chains of sugars attached to phospholipids and proteins in cell membranes, involved in cell recognition and identity.
Plasma membrane
The boundary of the cell that transports substances, acts as a selective barrier, receives signals, and identifies the cell.
Crossing the plasma membrane
The process of molecules moving across the membrane, either freely or with the help of membrane proteins.
Passive transport
The movement of substances across the membrane without requiring energy, either along or against a concentration gradient.
Simple diffusion
The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
The passive movement of molecules across the membrane with the aid of membrane proteins.
Osmosis
The net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Hypertonic solution
A solution with a relatively higher solute concentration that gains water.
Hypotonic solution
A solution with a relatively lower solute concentration that loses water.
Isotonic solution
A solution with the same solute concentration, resulting in no net water flow.
Active transport
The active movement of molecules across the membrane with the aid of protein pumps, requiring energy.
Endocytosis
The process of large substances or bulk amounts of smaller substances entering the cell without crossing the membrane.
Exocytosis
The process by which substances exit the cell without crossing the membrane, typically involving the packaging of substances into vesicles.
Vesicles
Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell.
Rough ER
The endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis.
Golgi apparatus
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
Polypeptides
Chains of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
Glycosylation
The process of adding sugar molecules to proteins, often performed by the Golgi apparatus.
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