unit 1 review

1. What is biology the study of?

Life and living organisms.

What are the seven characteristics of life?

• Order

• Energy processing

• Growth and development

• Reproduction

• Response to the environment

• Regulation (homeostasis)

• Evolutionary adaptation

What are the ten levels of biological hierarchy?

• Molecule

• Organelle

• Cell

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ system

• Organism

• Population

• Community

• Ecosystem
  (The biosphere is the largest level.)

The lowest level of biological organization that can perform all activities required for life is called what?

Cell

What is the largest category of Biological Organization?

The biosphere.

5. All living and nonliving things in a particular area are called a _________

Ecosystem

. The array of living things in an ecosystem is called?

A biological community (or simply community).

Name four common features of all cells.

1. Plasma membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. DNA (genetic material)

4. Ribosomes

What type of cell contains a nucleus?

Eukaryotic

What is known as life’s fundamental unit of structure and function?

The cell

What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).

What is biology’s central dogma

DNA → RNA → Protein.

What is the correct order of Gene Expression?

Transcription → Translation

The process where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is called _________.
.

Transcription

. In an ecosystem, nutrients __________ and energy __________.

Nutrients cycle; energy flows.

. A tomato plant is bearing hundreds of tomatoes. If left unharvested, the production of new fruit decreases. What is this an example of?
.

Negative feedback regulation

What are the two broadest units of classification in Taxonomy?

Domain and Kingdom

What is the order of the hierarchical Linnaean classification system?

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

. What are the 3 domains that organisms are divided into?

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya

What’s the first question you should ask yourself when determining what domain/kingdom a creature is from?
Does it have a nucleus?

Does it have a nucleus?

Which type of organisms within the domain Eukarya is composed of organisms that are generally unicellular?
.

Protists

I have a nucleus and one cell, what am I?

A unicellular eukaryote (protist).

What is evolution?

The change in the genetic makeup of a population over generations

What is the core theme of biology?
.

Evolution

What is the mechanism for evolution?

natural selection

In 1859 Darwin published On the Origin of Species. His two main points were:

1. Species arise from descent with modification.

2. Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.

e word science is derived from Latin. What does it mean?

To know

Martha observed bird behaviors and interactions. What type of data is this?

Qualitative data

What are the two types of data?
.

Qualitative and quantitative

What type of data describes characteristics instead of measuring them with numbers?

Qualitative data.

In the melatonin experiment, what is the dependent variable?

Time it takes to fall asleep

What is a hypothesis?

A testable explanation based on observationsSi

What is a scientific theory?

A broad, well-supported explanation backed by large amounts of evidenc

What is the application of science called?.

Technology

Ordinary chemical is called ?
M

Element

What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N).

Anything that takes up space and has mass is considered what?
.

Matter

What is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio?
.

Compound

What percentage of the human body do hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon make up?

About 96

6. Animals need a small amount of iron in order to function. What is iron an example of?
.

A trace element

7. What kind of charge does a neutron have?

No charge (neutral

Atom with mass # 14 and atomic # 8 — how many protons, neutrons, electrons?

• Protons: 8

• Neutrons: 6 (14 – 8)

• Electrons: 8 (neutral

Atomic mass 36, protons 12 — how many neutrons?
)

24 neutrons (36 – 12)

Applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research?

• Medical imaging (PET scans)

• Radiometric dating

• Tracing atoms in metabolic pathways

• Cancer treatment

What are the valences of HONC?

• H = 1

• O = 2

• N = 3

• C = 4

sotopes have same protons but different numbers of ___?
.

Neutrons

What is the valence of oxygen?

2

Valence of hydrogen

1

What element has the valence of 4?.

Carbón

A neutral atom of chlorine has an atomic number of 17. It has ___ electrons in its third shell.

7 electrons.
(1st shell = 2, 2nd shell = 8 → 10 total → 17 – 10 = 7)

7. How many electrons would be in the valence shell of an atom of Nitrogen?.

5 valence electrons

. Fluorine has 7 valence electrons—how many bonds can it make?

1 bond.

Difference between valence and valence electron?

• Valence: number of bonds an atom can form.

• Valence electrons: electrons in the outermost shell.

List four types of bonds/interactions.

1. Covalent bonds

2. Ionic bonds

3. Hydrogen bonds

4. Van der Waals interactions

What is a strong bond?

Covalent bond (and ionic bonds in dry environments)

The 2 types of covalent bonds and differences:

• Nonpolar covalent: electrons shared equally.

• Polar covalent: electrons shared unequally.

. How do ionic bonds form?

By transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming charged ions that attract

What type of bond involves the unequal sharing of an electron between two atoms?

Polar covalent bond

What is a covalent bond?

A bond where two atoms share electrons

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds.

How do hydrogen bonds form?.

When a partially positive hydrogen is attracted to a partially negative atom (like O or N) of another molecule

Why does a Van der Waals interaction happen?

Because electrons move randomly, creating temporary charges that attract nearby atoms

What are the ending molecules of a chemical reaction called?
.

Products

What does a chemical reaction do?

Rearranges matter by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

When the forward and reverse rates of a reaction are equal this is called ________.

Chemical equilibrium.

What do acids do to the H⁺ concentration?
.

Increase it

If you add a base to a solution, what happens to the solution’s H⁺ count?

H⁺ decreases (bases remove or accept H

If the H⁺ concentration of a solution is 10⁻⁸ M, what is the pH?

pH = 8

Write the equation for determining pH.

pH = –log[H⁺]

pH 5 is how many times more acidic than pH 9?

PH differnexe = 4

10⁴ = 10,000 times more acidic

The pH of a substance is 3. What type of substance is it?

Acid

What is a substance that minimizes changes in H⁺ and OH⁻ concentrations called?.

Buffer

CO₂ dissolved in seawater forms carbonic acid. What does this cause?

Ocean acidification

What is the study of carbon compounds?

Organic chemistry

Proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are all composed of what element?
.

Carbón

3. Which scientist showed abiotic synthesis of organic molecules?

Stanley Miller (Miller–Urey experiment

When carbon bonds to four atoms, what shape does it make?

Tetrahedral

What bonds can carbon make?

Single, double, and triple covalent bonds

How many bonds can carbon make?

Four

The carbon atom possesses ____ valence electrons.

4 valence electrons.

. What is the valence of nitrogen?

3

What is the valence of hydrogen?

1

What does electron configuration do?

Determines an atom’s bonding behavior and chemical properties

Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called?
.

Hydrocarbons

A similarity between fats, oils, and petroleum?).

They are all hydrocarbons (nonpolar, hydrophobic

. Isomers have the same molecular formula but different what?

Structured

What are the 3 types of isomers?

1. Structural isomers

2. Cis-trans (geometric) isomers

3. Enantiomers

What is the name of isomers that are mirror images?
.

Enantiomers

Two functional groups on the same side of a double bond create a _____ isomer.

Cis isomer.

Which type of isomer has a double bond?

Cis-trans (geometric) isomers

Which functional group is found in alcohols?

Hydroxyl group (–OH).

Which functional group is this: NH₂?

Amino group.

Which functional group is this: C=O?

Carbonyl group

Which functional group makes things polar?

Hydroxyl (–OH) is the most common answer.
(Carbonyl and amino also increase polarity

Draw a sulfhydryl group.

–SH

Which functional group acts like an acid?
).

Carboxyl group (–COOH

What chemical group is involved in regulating DNA?

Methyl group (–CH₃

Which functional group cross-links proteins?
.

Sulfhydryl group (–SH) via disulfide bridges

6. Draw an amino group.

–NH₂

Draw a carboxyl group.

–COOH
(or written as –COO–H)