American Government final

Fundamental principals

Separation of powers, Checks and balances, popular sovereignty, federalism, judicial review

1st amendment

Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, press, petition

2nd amendment

Right to bear arms

3rd amendment

Prohibits involuntary quartering of solders in private homes during peace time and outlines regulations Durring wartime

4th amendment

Protects against unreasonable search and seizures

5th amendment

forbids double jeopardy and protects against self incrimination, due process

6th amendment

Speedy and public trial by jury

7th amendment

Right to trial by jury

8th amendment

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment as well as excessive fines and bail

9th amendment

Protects unenumerated rights not specifically found in the constitution

10th amendment

Any power not specifically given to the national government goes to the states

11th amendment

People who do not live in a state can’t sue the state

12th amendment

Separate ballots for president and vice president

13th amendment

Abolished slavery

14th amendment

Granted citizenship to anyone born in the United States

15th amendment

Prohibits states of federal government from denying citizens the right to vote

16th amendment

Grants congress the power to create a federal income tax

17th amendment

Direct election of senators

18th amendment

Banned alcohol

19th amendment

Right to vote for all citizens

20th amendment

Moved beginning and end of presidential terms, new start march 4th new end January 20th and congressional terms January 3rd

21st amendment

Repealed prohibition

22nd amendment

Limited president to 2 terms in office

23rd amendment

Right to vote for Washington DC

24th amendment

Prohibits poll taxes

25th amendment

Presidential succession

26th amendment

Lowered minimum voting age to 18

27th amendment

Any law regarding the salary of members of congress doesn’t take effect until the next term

28th amendment

Equal right under law

Anti-federalist argument against supremacy clause

Anti-federalists argued that the supremacy clause would undermine state sovereignty since any law they made could be undermined by national government

Specific example of why rights in the bill or rights are not absolute

Fighting words are not protected under free speach

Lobbying

Attempting to influence the legislative branch or policy making through direct communication with law makers

Public demonstrations

Influence public policy through gatherings all branches

Preparing briefs

Policy or amicus Currie briefs judicial branch

Providing testimony

Presenting information directly to legislative committees and executive departments

Campaigning

Any action that is taken to attempt to influence public policy

Conduct letter writing campaigns

Interest groups tell members to write letters to public officials in order to attempt to influence public policy

Offer comments Durring public meetings

Intrest group members will offer advice an comments during meeting in order to attempt to influence public policy

Propose laws to legislators

Interest groups write bills and laws that favor them and propose them to legislators

Why was the 12th amendment added

After the Election of 1796 to fix the issue of two people winning the presidential position after the creating of parties

High inflation

Take money out of the economy

Increase taxes, decrease spending

Sell bonds, take action to increase interest rate, increase reserve requirement, increase discount rate

High unemployment

Decrease taxes, increase spending

Lower intrests rate, sell bonds, decrease discount rate, decrease reserve requirement