AP Psychology Unit 2: encoding memories

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental info and familiar well learned info (sounds, smells, word meanings)

explicit memory

retention of facts and experiences (conscious)

what does the frontal lobe and hippocampus do?

gets sent info for your working memory

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations (unconscious, Pavloc’s dog)

procedural memory

automatic skills that dont require conscious thought (riding a bike), basal ganglia

iconic memory

momentary visual stimuli (a few seconds)

echoic memory

momentary auditor stimuli (3-4 secs)

chunking

organizes items into familiar, manageable units (usually automatic)

mnemonics

memory aids, techniques that use vivid image or organizational devices (学校)

hierarchies

a way to process information by having broad categories then further divided into more specific concepts and facts (making an outline of a paper)

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to be remembered better than doing so by mass study or practice (work then break then work)

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading information (practice tests)

shallow processing

encodes at a lower level (elementary or intermediate)

deep processing

encodes in an accurate and thorough way based on a words meaning (more meaningful = better retention)

self-reference effecct

tendency to remember self-relevant info (how people describe us, passwords)