CRAM NOTES Unit five Agriculture

Subsistence

growing food primarily for the farmer's family and local community, not for sale in large markets, using traditional methods on small plots

Commercial

agriculture focused on large-scale production and sale of crops for profit in national or global markets.

Shifting cultivation

a form of agriculture where land is cleared and used for a few years, then abandoned for a new area, allowing the original land to recover.

Von Thunen Model

a theoretical model that explains agricultural land use patterns based on distance from a central market, emphasizing the relationship between transportation costs and land use.

What section belongs in what in the Von Thunen Model

determines the type of agricultural activity based on proximity to market, with varying land uses such as dairy, forest, grains, and ranching arranged in concentric circles.

Famine

a severe shortage of food resulting in widespread hunger and malnutrition.

Green revolution

a period of agricultural transformation in the mid-20th century that introduced high-yield crop varieties, improved irrigation techniques, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides to increase food production.

Agribusiness

a sector of the economy focused on the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural goods, incorporating various business practices.

Environmental

Deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution

Cultural

Loss of traditional farming, diet changes

GMOS

Genetically Modified organism

Pastoral nomadism

Hearding animals while moving place to place

Plantation agriculture

Large scale farming of one crop for sale

Bid rent

How much farmers are willing to pay for land

Transportation cost

cost to move goods to marker

high yield seeds

crops that produce more food

Mechanization

use of machines in farming

Chemical fertilizers/pesticides

Increase yields but harm environment

Economies of scale

Cheaper production when done in large quantities

Monoculture

Growing only one crop

Deforestation

clearing forest for agriculture

Soil erosion

loss of fertile topsoil

Desertification

Land becoming dry and unproductive

Water pollution

runoff from fertilizers cult

cultural diffusion

spread of farming practices

Food desert

area with limited access to healthy food

food security

Access to sufficient, safe food

Malnutrition

Lack of proper nutrients