A&P exam 2 - vet techs

buffy coat

all white blood cells in a sample

(thicker = infection)

plasma

liquid potion of blood - mostly water

65% water, 35% solids

primary solid = hemoglobin

biconcave disks

used plasma glucose for energy

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red blood cells

maintain vascular integrity, formation of platelet plug, stalbilize hemostatic plug

platelets

neutrophil

(white blood cell)

function: phagocytosis

site of action: body tissues

eosinophil

(white blood cell)

function: allergic reactions

site of action: body tissues

red granules in cytoplasm of mature cells

0-5% WBC count

basophil

(white blood cell)

function: initiation of immune and allergic reactions

site of action: body tissues

contains histamine

monocyte (macrophage)

(white blood cell)

function: phagocytosis and process antigens

site of action: body tissues or blood

5-6% WBC

largest in circulation

B cell

(white blood cell)

function: antibody production

site of action: lymphoid tissue

T cell

(white blood cell)

function: cytokine production

site of action: lymphoid tissue and others

process of aging

senescence

extravascular hemolysis

normal process

macrophages remove senesent RBCs from circulation

intravascular hemolysis

abnormal issue

RBCs in circulation subjected to stresses

RBC fragmentation and/or destruction

red blood cells are an example of

erythrocytes (carry oxygen)

platelets are an examples of

thrombocytes (prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels)

granulocytic cells are examples of

leukocytes (multiple funcitons)

hematopoiesis

production of all blood cells

where does hematopoiesis occur in the fetus and neonatal

liver and spleen

in red bone marrow

erythropoiesis

production of red blood cells

erythropoietin

hormone released from cells in kidney in response to hypoxia

heme

pigment portion from mitochondria contains iron atoms

* every group can carry one molecule of oxygen
* 4 groups attach to each globin molecule

globin

protein portion; from ribosomes

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen

one O2 molecule associated with each Fe++ molecule

deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin that has released its oxygen into the tissues

anemia

results in decreased O2 carrying capacity of the blood

caused by low # of circulating mature RBC or insufficient hemoglobin production

platelets

cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow megakaryocytes

thrombopoiesis

production of platelets

leukopoiesis

some pluripotent stem cell that produces RBC and megakaryocytes

granulopoiesis

dots in cytoplasm

production of neutrophils eosinophils and basophils

neutrophil - can clearly see nucleus

most numerous in dog, cat, and horse

function - phagocytosis

diapedesis

to go from circulation into tissue spaces

chemotaxis

attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at site of infection

B-lymphocytes

inactive cells travel thru lymph nodes, spleen, and others

antibody production

only produces one specific antibody

T lymphocytes

processed in thymus

cell-mediated immunity and activate B-cells

what cells can become memory cells

T and B cells

lymphatic system

carry excess interstitial tissue fluid to blood vessels near heart

lymph

consist of blood cells, nutrients, and hormones

functions: removal of excess tissue, waste material transport

chyle

lymph from digestive system

spleen

blood storage in the red pulp, removal of foreign material,

tonsils

found close to mucosal surfaces all over body

prevent spread of infection

thymus

caudal neck and cranial thoracic region

processes thymocytes and T cells

non specific immunity

mechanical barriers

chemical barriers

inflammatory response

NK cells

responds to all antigens the same way

specific immunity

B cells produce the antibodies

T cells attack more directly

response initiated as reaxtion

complete fixation

cascade of reactions that results in antigen lysis

humoral immune response

B cell that transforms into a plasma cell after antigenic stimulation

can produce memory cells

produces immunoglobins

cell-mediated immune response

T lymphocyte that transforms into cytotoxic T cell after stimulation

can produce memory cells

produced lymphokines

IgG

first Ig made during first exposure

IgM

made when animal exposed for second time or a long time

IgA

can leave blood and enter tissue fluids

IgE

allergic response

passive immunity

antibodies passed from mother in development or ingestion of milk

active immunity

vaccines

memory cells produced

axon

conducts nerve impulses away from cell toward

dendrite

receive stimuli from other neurons and conduct stimuli to the cell body

autonomic NS

controls and coordinates automatic functions

somatic NS

actions under conscious, voluntary control

parasympathetic

nerves emerge from brain and sacral vertebral regions

sympathetic

nerves emerge from thoracic and lumbar vertebral regions

(cranial nerve)

I

olfactory

* smell

(cranial nerve)

II

optic

* vision

(cranial nerve)

III

oculomotor

* pupil size

(cranial nerve)

IV

trochlear

* eye movement

(cranial nerve)

V

trigeminal

* chewing

(cranial nerve)

VI

abducent

* eye movement

(cranial nerve)

VII

facial

* face movement

(cranial nerve)

VIII

vesticulocohlear

* balance

(cranial nerve)

IX

glossopharyngeal

* tongue movement

(cranial nerve)

X

vagus

* GI and resp tract

(cranial nerve)

XI

accessory

* head movement

(cranial nerve)

XII

hypoglossal

* tongue movement

palpebral reflex arc

light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produce s blink of the eyelids

proprioception

sense of body position and movement

pupillary light reflex

normal response to shining light in the eye is for the iris to constrict

CNS

brain and spinal cord

higher-order behaviors

cerebellum

coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes

diencephalon

passageway between brainstem and cerebrum

thalamus

relay station for regulating sensory inputs to cerebrum

hypothalamus

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interface between NS and ES

pituitary

endocrine “master gland”

brain stem

connection between rest of brain and spinal cord

basic support functions of the body

olfactory bulbs

receive neural inputs about odors detected in nasal cavity

meninges

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater that line the skull

optic chiasm

allow crossing of fibers from nasal retina to optic tract on other side

pericardium

outer layer of heart

fibrous pericardium

protects heart

loosely connects to diaphragm

serious pericardium

inner layer of pericardium

visceral layer (serous pericardium)

inner layer

closely attached to muscle (epicardium)

parietal layer (serous pericardium)

outer layer

between pericardium and fibrous pericardium

myocardium

thickest layer of heart tissue

found inside sac formed by pericardium

cardiac muscle

endocardium

then membranous lining

between myocardium and chambers of the heart

basic blood flow:

deoxygenated blood enters heart from body

pumped through ___ to pick up oxygen

oxygenated blood pumped back into body (_____ circulation)

lungs

systemic

vessel carrying blood to heart

vein

tricuspid valve

divides R atrium and ventricle

allows blood to flow from A to V

moderator band

give R ventricle wall support

forms inter-ventricular septum

does not attach to the flaps of tricuspid valve

chrodae tendinae

prevent valve leaflets from everting into artia when ventricles contract

papillary muscles

muscular attachment points for chordae tendinae

pull valve leaflets doen

R ventricle

thin wall

pulmonary artery originates

unoxygenated blood passed thru pulm artery to lungs

pulmonary valve

semilunar valve

blood moves from R ventricle to pulm artery

3 flaps

fetal bypasses close when

animal is born

foramen ovale

first fetal bypass

between R and L atria

allows much of the blood from R to flow into L