Sociology final

wealth

wealth

The total value of everything that someone owns, minus debts, is

77%

What percentage of the nation's wealth is owned by the wealthiest 10% of Americans?

more expressive worship services and louder music.

When it comes to religion, the lower classes tend to be attracted to

women average only 72% of what men earn.

The reason why families headed by a mother, rather than by a mother and father or a father alone, are more likely to be poor is because

structural

_____ mobility is movement either up or down the social class ladder due more to changes in society than to the actions of individuals.

Contradictory class locations

_____ is Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests.

$30 billion

Philanthropist Bill Gates has given away

Physician

Which occupation has the most prestige in the United States—physician, banker, actress, or plumber?

working class

Members of the _____ tend to think of themselves as having "real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as paper pushers.

south

The region of the United States that has the most poverty is the

property

_____ is material possessions.

15

If we use the analogy that some U.S. families have an income that could be represented by the height of Mount Everest, then the average American family has an income that is about _____ feet off the ground.

It improves

As you go up the social-class ladder, what happens to your health?

ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class.

Status consistency refers to

power elite

C. Wright Mills called the top people in U.S. corporations, the military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions the

deferred gratification

Going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called

upward social

Lee started as a bank teller and 15 years later ended up running the bank. This is an example of _____ mobility.

getting their children to follow rules and obey authority.

When it comes to child rearing, lower-class parents tend to focus more on

managers

In his modification of Marx's model of social classes, Wright added

underclass

Homeless people are part of the

a threat

Based on the histories of lottery winners, sudden wealth brings

are high school dropouts

Most members of the working poor class

income inequality has increased since 1970.

In tracking income in the United States from 1935 to 2013,

workers

Marx's model of the social classes included

power

_____ is the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others.

downward social

In Mexico, Javier was a physician. Javier emigrated to the United States and ended up working as a carpenter (which had been his hobby in Mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility.

often confused

Income and wealth are

upper middle

The class most shaped by education is the _____ class.

$77 million

In 2013, the highest-paid U.S. CEO received

move on the social ladder, either up or down

It is likely to be painful to

status

June was the president of her neighborhood association, which in that group afforded her a high

outside the criminal justice system

White-collar crimes are likely to be dealt with

income

The money that someone receives, usually from a job, business, or assets, is referred to as

intergenerational mobility

_____ refers to the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next.

with old money

The upper end of the capitalist class is occupied by those

prestige

_____ is respect or regard.

underclass

Seth did menial work—mostly house cleaning—when he could find it. He had been homeless for a year, and since then simply did not have a good enough employment record to find a regular job. He relied on welfare, a subsidized rental, food stamps, and even the occasional visit to a food pantry to supplement his work income. In terms of class, Seth would belong to the

anomie

Durkheim called it _____ when people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behavior.

called the poverty line

The official measure of poverty of the U.S. government is

social class

_____, according to Weber, is (are) a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige.

exchange

In _____ mobility, many people move up the social class ladder, and many move down, with the social class system showing little change.

represents the essence of a person.

Ezekiel's research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi leaders believed that race

institutional discrimination

Built into society's institutions, _____ is negative treatment of a minority group.

functional

One perspective on prejudice is that it is _____, in that it creates in-group solidarity.

reserve labor force

Conflict theorists say that capitalists use the _____ to expand production during economic booms, and then lay off people during economic contractions.

multiculturalism

_____ permits—or encourages—ethnic differences.

scapegoat.

A person or group unfairly blamed for someone's troubles is a(n)

Latino

_____ is an umbrella term for people from any of the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America.

Germany.

Among Americans of European descent, the largest group comes from

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.

WASP stands for

North.

Broadly speaking, the highest percentage of the dominant group in the United States is found in the

Discrimination

_____ is an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group.

prejudice

Usually negative, _____ is an attitude or prejudgment.

labels

Symbolic interactionists focus on the role of _____ in affecting perception and creating prejudice.

direct population transfer.

The United States government's relocation of Native Americans to reservations is an example of

white ethnics.

Immigrants to the United States from Poland, Ireland, Italy, and Germany are examples of

age-old.

The concern in some quarters that too many immigrants will change the character of the United States is

Individual discrimination

_____ is person-to-person or face-to-face discrimination.

selective perception.

Seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others, is

compartmentalize

To _____ is to separate acts from feelings or attitudes.

internalize; prejudiced against

According to research, it appears that people in the minority _____ the norms of the dominant group and learn to be _____ their own group.

72; 77

Presently, the life expectancy for African American females is about _____ years, and for white American females it is _____ years.

Racism

_____ refers to prejudice and discrimination based on race.

Asian Americans

Which of the following groups in the United States has the highest median family income?

genocide.

The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity is known as

a myth.

The idea of racial superiority is

Segregation

_____ is a policy of keeping racial-ethnic groups apart.

African American

_____ mortgage applicants are most frequently offered subprime loans, which charge the highest interest.

Race

_____ refers to a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups.

Labels

_____ create self-fulfilling stereotypes.

the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another.

Homogamy refers to

Polyandry

_____ is a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband.

patriarchal

Authority is held by males in a(n) _____ society.

household

In a _____, people occupy the same housing unit.

family or procreation.

The family that is formed when a couple's first child is born is referred to as a

bilineal

Marion, 10 years old, knew that she was related to the relatives on her mother's side of the family, and also the relatives on her father's side of the family. This _____ system is the usual model in the United States.

marriage exists in every society.

One factor to note in considering the future of marriage is that

men saying they are taller than they are.

A typical lie made by potential mates on an online dating site is

patrilineal

When a social group does not think of children as being related to their mother's relatives, that group follows a(n) _____ system.

38%

Approximately what percentage of African American households is headed by both a mother and a father?

affiliated with a religion.

The risk of divorce is decreased among couples

role confusion.

From the functionalist perspective, the incest taboo helps families to avoid

incest taboo

The _____ prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives.

46%

Celeste had been married before—twice. She was thrilled by the prospect of her upcoming marriage to Caldwell, which would be her third marriage and Caldwell's second. About how many Americans who get married are not saying "I do" for the first time?

Uber

Due to time pressures on parents, _____ has (have) become a parental substitute.

matrilineal

The Naxi of China do not even have a word in their language for "father." In their _____ system, descent is traced only on the mother's side.

zero, one, or two

The majority of Americans think that families with _____ children are ideal.

decreasing.

The percentage of American children under 18 who live with both parents is

Endogamy

_____ is the practice of marrying within one's own group.

discrimination.

The major distinction between gay or lesbian families and heterosexual families is

It decreases with each generation in the United States.

Which statement about machismo is true?

1970s.

A dramatic shift in what Americans perceived to be the ideal family size occurred in the

older than at any other time in U.S. history.

The average ages of first-time brides and grooms in the United States are

Polygyny

_____ is a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife.

the system of descent

The way that people trace kinship over generations, known as _____, is different all over the world.

Native Americans had same-sex marriages already when Columbus arrived.

Which statement about same-sex marriage is true?

500

Approximately how many cities with over one million residents does the world presently have?

edge city

A(n) _____ is a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop, and work there.

Zero population growth

_____ refers to women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population.

300 million

At around the time of the birth of Christ, there were about _____ people in the world.