MULTIPSYC FINAL EXAM

chapters 1-10

Multicultural Psychology

The study of how culture effects behavior, cognition, and emotion.

6 Uses of Culture in Language

1. Descriptive → The specific behaviors and activities associated with a culture
   

2. Historical → A culture’s heritage and traditions
   

3. Normative → Rules that govern a culture (ex: religious texts)
   

4. Psychological → Behavioral processes such as learning and problem solving (ex: Asian immigrants assimilating into the U.S.)
   

5. Structural → Organizational elements of a culture (ex: emphasis on extended family)
   

6. Genetic → Genetic origins of a culture (ex: Indigenous South Americans & how they effect South Americans’ genetic makeup today)

Cultural Contact

The critical incident(s) where people from different cultural, ethnic, linguistic background come into social contact.

Occurs in 2 ways:

1. Contact occurs in a culturally diverse society (U.S.)

2. Individual visits culturally different society (tourism)

Multiculturalism is the “4th force” in Psychology

The belief that multiculturalism impacts the field of psychology as much as: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism

Biopsychosocial Model

A person’s behavior, health, and mental well-being are shaped by…

• Biological:
  Genetics, Brain chemistry, hormones, etc
  

• Psychological:

  • Cognitive Affective → The effect our thoughts & feelings have on our behavior (ex: mental disorders)
    

• Social:

  • Social Interpersonal → Impact of social relationships on our behavior

  • Social-Institutional → How our behaviors are impacted by large institutions (ex: govt, military, corporations)

Culture

The systems of knowledge, values, and practices that are learned and transmitted across generations

1. Surface Structure of Culture → Physical manifestations of a culture, first impressions (ex: food, dress, language)
   

2. Deep Structure of Culture → Philosophies of a culture reflected in their values, practices, and beliefs

Whitelash

Backlash from White Americans in response to changing demographics in society (ex: Obama’s voter base mainly POC, white flight)

Normativity

The belief there is an ideal way that everyone should aspire to become (the inverse of diversity).

Ethnicity

The combination of race + culture. Emphasis on characteristics that are passed through generationally + genetically.

Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Theory

MCT is a meta-theory of counseling and psychotherapy that argues the cultural identities of the client AND counselor matter.

Why?:

• Each person has multiple levels of experiences and context

• Cultural identity is a major factor in a client or counselor’s attitudes toward self, others, and groups.

• Therapy’s effectiveness is tied to goals that align with client’s cultural values

Cultural Variables

The specific aspects of a culture (ex: individualistic vs collectivistic)

Internal Validity

Simple cause-and-effect relationship between variables (The dependent changed because of the independent variable)

External Validity

Applying the internal validity’s results on a population in a generalized manner

Quantitative Study

Research that turns questions into meaningful numbers (ex: “on a scale of 1-10…”)

Qualitative Study

Research question can be meaningfully answered by detailed verbal responses

Logical Positivism

Scientific approach that attempts to measure “truth” objectively through logical deduction, quantitative methods, and statistics

If you can’t measure it or prove it, it’s not scientific.

Functional Equivalence

Different behaviors can serve the same purpose or function across cultures, even if they look different.

Example: Inquiring an American boy’s knowledge of fairy tales by asking about “Beauty and the Beast”. If inquiring a boy from a different country, you would ask about a fairy tale familiar to his culture.

Conceptual Equivalence

A concept that has the same meaning across different cultures, even if it is expressed differently.

Example: The term “depression” does not exist in some cultures, but if you were to describe the symptoms of depression, they would be able to identify what you are talking about.

Linguistic Equivalence

When something is translated into another language, the words still have the same meaning, tone, and intent. Must be the same for the study to be considered acceptable.

Back Translation → The measure is translated into the target language and then translated back into the original language

Metric Equivalence

The numerical scores mean the same thing across cultures.

Example: Individuals from risk-averse cultures may avoid selecting the extremes of something in quantitative studies. To make up for this, the researcher makes “9” the equivalent to “10” in a 1-10 scale.

Haye’s ADDRESSING Model

Age and generational differences

Developmental disabilities

Disability (acquired: injury or illness)

Religion

Ethnicity and race

Socioeconomic status

S*xual orientation (i dont want my notes removed :c )

Indigenous peoples

National origin & language

Gender

Sternberg’s Conception of Intelligence

Argues that intelligence has 3 parts:

1. Analytical → Abstract thinking & processes info. effectively
   

2. Practical → Read and adapt to contexts of everyday life (ex: street smart)
   

3. Creative → Uses experience in ways that foster insight and invention

Gardner’s 8 Types of Intelligence

1. Linguistic → Good with words, persuasive, and good at explanations
   

2. Logical-Mathematics → Analyzing problems & mathematical operations
   

3. Spatial → Visual judgement, pattern recognition, interprets visuals
   

4. Musical → Rich understanding in sounds, music patterns, notes
   

5. Bodily-Kinesthetic → Motor control, muscle memory, skilled at sports
   

6. Intrapersonal → Self-reflection, sensitivity, introspection
   

7. Interpersonal → Understanding others, healthy relationships
   

8. Naturalist → Biology, botany, zoologist

Big 5 Personality Traits

Openness to new experiences

Conscientiousness → organized, disciplined, goal-focused

Extraversion

Agreeableness → trusting, helpful

Neuroticism → tendency to frequently experience negative emotions

Etic Perspective

Attempts to find the commonalities between cultures (outsider perspective)

Emic Perspective

Examines only one culture from within that culture. This approach attempts to derive what is meaningful among group members (insider perspective)

Imposed Etics

Forcing one’s worldview onto another culture with the false knowledge that their worldview is universal

Example: A researcher assuming their US-based study on child attachment styles apply to different cultures without considering the different culture’s parenting styles.

Idiocentric

An individual with individualistic traits

Allocentric

An individual with collectivistic traits

Counter culturalism

An individual becomes countercultural when they are in a “mismatched society”

Example: Idiocentric in Collectivist society & Allocentric in Individualist society

Vertical/Horizontal Individualist/Collectivist Scale

Vertical → Hierarchy and status matters

Horizontal → Equality matters; we are all the same status

Vertical-Individualism → Focuses on self, accepts inequality, ambitious, competitive, wants to stand out

Horizontal-Individualism → Focuses on self, values equality, independent but not competitive

Vertical-Collectivism → Focuses on group, accepts inequality, loyal to family/group, respects authority

Horizontal-Collectivism → Focuses on group, values equality, cooperative, emphasizes group harmony

WEIRD Ideology

Describes overrepresented populations in research

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

Cooperative Principle

We should strive to communicate truthfully/sincerely

Maxims:

Quality → Truth

Quantity → Appropriate amount of talking

Relevance → Remain on topic

Manner → Clear in Language

Relations → Know your audience

Rule Violations → Signal that we are about to violate a rule/maxim (meta-communication)

Nonverbal Types of Communication

1. Proxemics → Personal space

2. Kinesics → Communication through body movements

3. Oculesics → Kinesics that deal with gaze and eye contact

4. Haptics → The use of touch during communication

5. Paralanguage → Non-verbal cues in communication (ex: silence, rate of speech, voice volume)

High-Context Communication

The conversation depends on the context of the situation

Low-Context Communication

Language-dependent; the words themselves are the crucial aspect of communication instead of context

Direct Communication

Low-context form of communication that is assertive and literal

Indirect Communication

High-context form of communication that relies on context and the listener’s power of inference (ex: “aren’t you cold?” instead of “please close the window”).

Additive Bilingualism

When the 2nd language does not replace the native one

Subtractive Bilingualism

When the 2nd language replaces the native one

Native Bilingualism

Bilingual from birth; 2 languages commonly used in a household

Return Migration

When an immigrant periodically or permanently returns home.

Asylum Seeker

Special classification of a refugee who has successfully gotten asylum, or are actively asking to be taken in as an asylum seeker.

6 Stages of the Refugee Career

1. Predeparture 

2. Flight

3. First Asylum [first place to be fled into]

4. Claimant [first country of potential settlement]

5. Settlement [official settlement country]

6. Adaptation [to new country]

Acculturative Stress

Negative changes in thoughts, feelings, behaviors, or attitudes as a result of exposure to a new dominant culture.

Bicultural Stress

Psychological stress of trying to maintain native culture whilst assimilating into the new one.

Acculturation

The process by which people change as a result of intercultural interactions

Enculturation

The retainment or deepened learning of their culture of origin.

Model of Acculturation

• Assimilationist → People who have given up their native culture to assimilate into the new one.
  

• Separationist → People who identify with their culture of origin and rejects the host country’s culture.
  

• Marginalist → People who don’t identify with their native culture or the host’s culture.

• Integrationist/Bicultural → Embrace both their origin culture as well as the host’s culture.

Layers of Ecological Context:

Potential stressors that may dictate an individual’s degree of acculturation

• Microsystem → Immediate family members

• Mesosystem → Relationships outside the immediate family

• Exosystem → Major societal institutions

• Macrosystem → Cultural and societal norms/expectations

Ecological fit

The more similar the host’s culture is to yours, the easier the acculturation process will be.

Attribution Theory

Theory that describes how people explain the causes of human behavior.

Dimensions of Attribution Theory

Internal → Cause comes from the person

External → Cause comes from environmental/situational factors

Stable → Cause is permanent or consistent over time

Unstable → Cause is temporary or changeable

Internal-Stable

“They failed the test because they are bad at math.”

Internal → It’s them, not the situation.

Stable → It’s a permanent trait, not temporary.

most overused explanation for someone’s behavior

Internal-Unstable

“I failed the test because I didn’t study enough.”

Internal → It’s me, not the situation.

Unstable → I can do better next time if I study.

External-Stable

“Traffic always makes me late.”

External → It’s the situation, not me.

Stable → Traffic always happens, so it’s consistent.

External-Unstable

“I failed the test because the classroom was noisy.”

External → It’s the situation, not me.

Unstable → Next time, the classroom might be quiet.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Bias where people tend to overemphasize personality traits when judging other’s actions and downplaying external factors.

(internal-stable)

Ultimate Attribution Error

When attributions are directed towards an individual who represents a minority group. Their action is ascribed to the whole group rather than to the individual.

Example:

seeing a black person commit a crime and concluding that all black people are inherently criminals.

Illusory Correlation

Bias where people perceive a relationship between 2 things when no actual relationship exists.

Example: 

Noticing violence and connecting it to the race or ethnicity of the perpetrator.

Availability Heuristic

Mental shortcut where the important/frequency of a thing is exaggerated because it comes to mind so easily.

Example:

overestimating the prevalence of negative events associated with a racial group because those events are more easily recalled due to media coverage or personal experiences.

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Tendency to see members of a social group that you are not a part of as all the same

Microassault

Blatant non-verbal, verbal, or environmental attacks (non-physical violence) that are intentionally discriminatory

Microinsult

Unintentional behavior or verbal comment conveying rudeness or insensitivity

Microinvalidation

Unintentional dismissal of POC experience

Attributional Ambiguity

Psychological state of uncertainty about the outcome of an event being a result of a person’s merit or their identity.

Cognitive Load

Total mental effort required to process information or complete a task

Implicit Association

The automatic unconscious connections between concepts in memory that influence a person’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors without awareness.

Example:

A doctor might automatically assume a Black adolescent is $exually active without asking open-ended questions

Tripartite Model of Personal Identity

1. Individual Level → genetics, nonshared experiences
   

2. Group Level → gender, race, culture, ethnicity
   

3. Universal Level → common life experiences, self-aware

African American Identity Development Model

• Pre-encounter stage → Internalized white supremacy causes devaluing of blackness and idealization of whiteness

• Encounter stage → Significant event forces individual to reevaluate their previous ideas of race.

• Immersion/Emersion stage → Fully embraces black identity and rejects anything “not black”

• Internalization Stage → Secure in black identity and embraces other identities

Latino Identity Development Model

• Casual stage → Internalizes negative attributions and feels shame, humiliation, traumatized

• Cognitive Stage → Believes assimilation into white culture will grant success

• Consequence Stage → Rejects Latino culture and feels less connected to the culture

• Working-Through Stage → Alienation from origin culture causes distress, and begins to integrate back into culture.

• Successful Resolution Stage → Self-acceptance and sees heritage in a positive perspective

White Identity Development Model

• Contact Status → Uninformed of racism and may be color-blind

• Disintegration Status → Increased experience with POC challenges racist beliefs

• Reintegration Status → Feelings of white guilt causes individual to avoid POC as a way to alleviate these negative feelings

• Pseudo-Independence Status → Begins to recognize racism, but believes the oppressed must change to stop it

• Immersion/Emersion Status → Begins to let go of racist idea and fight against racism. Recognizes that they are in a diverse society.

• Autonomy Status → Feels good about their own identity as well as others’. Expands anti-racism to other forms of oppression.

LGBTQ+ Identity Development Model

• Identity Confusion → Questions $exuality/gender.

• Identity Comparison → Recognizes their feelings for same-$ex individuals

• Identity Tolerance → Fully recognizes their feelings but attempts to hide them from others and themself to not be judged

• Identity Acceptance → Fully accepts their identity and may begin coming out to others

• Identity Pride → Openly expresses their $exuality/gender with pride

• Identity Synthesis → Able to integrate all aspects of their identity (Example: Black lesbian).

General Racial & Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)

• Conformity → Sees dominant culture as superior, and their own culture as less than.

• Dissonance → A significant experience challenges person’s belief of the dominant group’s superiority over the minority group.

• Resistance and Immersion → Immerses themselves in their culture, rejects dominant culture out of shame for seeing them as superior.

• Introspection → Less angry and distrustful of dominant group, less immersed in one own’s group. Can appreciate other groups and their own, still with some inner conflict.

• Integrative Awareness → Finds balance in appreciating own group as well as other groups. Aware of self as an individual and cultural being.

Common-Sense Model

A model developed to specifically explain how people make sense of illnesses and how those beliefs guide their coping behaviors.

How people understand illness → influences coping & treatment.

Health Behavior Belief Model

Explains why people do or do not engage in health behaviors (like taking medication, getting screened, exercising).

Main Areas:

1. Susceptibility
   Some groups may underestimate risk due to cultural norms (e.g., “our people don’t get depression”).
   

2. Severity
   Some cultures may see mental illness as more shameful or dangerous, increasing perceived severity (and avoidance of treatment).
   

3. Benefits
   “Will this behavior help me?”

   Belief that taking action (e.g., therapy, screening, medication) will reduce risk or severity.
   

4. Barriers
   Beliefs about obstacles to taking action—cost, stigma, time, access, family roles, cultural beliefs.

Ethnic Gloss

Labels used to identify cultural groups that have a great within-group heterogeneity

Example:

“Native American”, 562 unique native nations

Allostatic Load

The physiological cost of poverty-induced stress. Blood pressure, hypertension, high cortisol, etc

Stress from poverty = less healthy + less access to healthcare

Cultural Concepts of Distress

Ways that cultural groups experience, understand, and communicate suffering, behavioral problems, or troubling thoughts and emotions

Cultural Syndrome

Metal disorders that tend to occur in specific cultural groups (unique symptoms that manifest in specific cultures)

Cultural Idioms of Distress

Ways that different cultures express distress

Example:

Shared way of talking about or experiencing personal/social concerns

Cultural Explanations of Distress/Perceived Causes

The observation that cultural groups have different ways of explaining the causes of psychological symptoms

Culture-Bound Values

Principles, beliefs, and behaviors specific to a culture that may cause conflict w/ other cultures

Class-Bound Values

Mental health treatment centered around white middle class citizens

Clinicians may fail to consider the client’s lower-class perspective

Language Variables

Language barriers between a client and clinician

Prevalence

Current rate of a particular disorder at a given point in time → (example: “how many people have X right now?”)

Incidence

Number of new cases diagnosed in a given period of time → (example: “how many people diagnosed with X this week?”)

Lifetime Incidence

Number of cases that occur during one’s lifetime → (example: “how many people will be diagnosed with X before they die?”)

The 4 F Reactions

Responses to a potential threat

1. Freeze → stop and try to interpret a situation that may be a potential threat
   

2. Flee → Attempt to escape and uncomfortable or potentially dangerous situation
   

3. Fight → If escape is not possible, aggression is used as defense
   

4. Fright → Anxiety about the potentially dangerous situation

The 5 D’S of Difference

People’s reactions to situations where they feel different

1. Distancing → Avoiding situations in which one feels different
   

2. Denial → Pretending that no differences exist
   

3. Defensiveness → Protecting oneself from acknowledging difference as to avoid discomfort
   

4. Devaluing → Assessing differences as deficient or less important
   

5. Discovery → Appreciating differences and seeking out differences to gain familiarity

The Three S’ of Similarity

Similar things make us feel safe and sane

1. Simple → Things that are similar and simple to us and our values, are easy and comfortable
   

2. Safe → Similar things are not a threat because we know how to handle them
   

3. Sane → Similar things help us feel normal