Science Final 2023

Transcription

making a mRNA strand from a template strand of DNA

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Where does transcription occur?

nucleus

Where does translation occur?

ribosome

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded

Why do we use mRNA?

So the DNA doesn't get damaged.

Helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA for transcription.

RNA polymerase

enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

start codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

stop codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

DNA

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

double helix

Shape of DNA

Chargaff's Rule

\[A]\=[T] and [C]\=[G]; in DNA, the amount of adenine and thymine found are equal and the amount of cytosine and guanine are equal.

3 billion

number of base pairs in the human genome

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA

What living thing does not use DNA?

All living things use DNA.

What year was the shape of DNA discovered?

1953

Watson and Crick

Developed the double helix model of DNA.

Rosalind Franklin

Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she provided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

Did Rosalind Franklin win a Nobel prize?

No. She died before they gave it out.

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

Helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA

DNA polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

What 2 things does DNA make?

Proteins and more DNA.

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Backbone of DNA

sugar and phosphate

Rungs of DNA

The rungs of DNA are comprised of pairs of Nitrogenous Bases.

What part of DNA makes up what we look like?

The order of the bases

Adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

Thymine

the nucleotide that hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide adenine in DNA.

Cytosine

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA

Guanine

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA

Length of DNA in each cell

6 feet

What is the similarity between the DNa of humans and chimps?

98% the same

What is the difference in DNA between me and you?

99.9%

Mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Why does DNA replicate?

To maintain the same amount of DNA in each daughter cell after the cell divides during mitosis.

Nature vs. Nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

Respiration

The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain.

Formula for respiration

C6H12O6 +6O2 \= 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP

Aerobic cell respiration

requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose

anaerobic cellular respiration

the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen

Fermentation

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. (same as anaerobic)

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

Chrloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

yeast

a type of fungus

aerobic vs anaerobic respiration

Aerobic \= with Oxygen; Anaerobic \= without Oxygen (Lactic acid or alcohol is a byproduct) and there is less ATP made
Anaerobic \= without Oxygen (Lactic acid or alcohol is a byproduct) and there is less ATP made

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Where does the energy in anaerobic respiration come from?

2 ATP from Glycolysis

How much ATP does glycolysis produce?

2 ATP molecules

Why is glycolysis important to bacteria?

They have no mitochondria so glycolysis is the only way they get energy.

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

How is wine made?

fermentation of grapes

why can't we survive by doing fermentation?

Not enough energy!

What is lactic acid fermentation?

when glucose is converted into ATP and the waste product lactic acid during anerobic respiration

Where is lactic acid produced?

muscles when they run out of oxygen (and some bacteria)

What are some foods made with fermentation?

Cheese, Sauerkraut, soy sauce, yogurt

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Anabolism

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ADP

(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy

ATP/ADP cycle

Process by which cells regenerate ATP. ADP forms when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, then ATP forms again as ADP gains a phosphate group.

Reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction

Products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

What are the two types of fermentation?

alcoholic and lactic acid

Formula for photosynthesis

6H₂O + 6CO₂ + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Why are plants green?

they reflect green light

Where do the atoms that make up a plant come from?

Water and Carbon dioxide

Is sunlight really turned into sugar?

No, the energy is used to rearrange atoms.

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Why are trees yellow in the fall?

The chlorophyll goes away and you see other pigments.

Temperature

A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Equilibrium

When particles are at equal concentration

dynamic equilibrium

condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials

Phospholipids

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

phosopholipid bilayer

composition of the plasma membrane, two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

Diffusion across cell membrane

movement of substance from high to low concentration across the membrane

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

In the egg lab, this was the hypotonic solution

water

In the egg lab, this was the hypertonic solution

corn syrup

What did Vinegar do to the egg?

Dissolved the shell and made it bigger

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Salt water fish in in fresh water

Water would go into the fish

A trout into salt water

Water would leave the fish

What is distilled water?

Water with no solutes.