1900-Present

How did internal and external factors contribute to change in various states after 1900.

* Russia (Communist Revolution)
* Internal Factors - Political Oppression, weak economy, military defeats
* External Factors-
* Outcome- Monarch was overthrown and replaced with a communist regime by Lenin
* China(Fall of Qing Dynasty; Nationalist Party)
* Internal Factors- Political, economic weakness
* External Factors- Loss of land, power to western nations (Opium Wars)
* Outcome- Qing Dynast ended and the nationalist party took power. This nationalist party then fights a a civil war against the communist party and loses. This communist party takes over China and the nationalist party flees to Taiwan and sets up a new government.
* Ottoman (Gradual Collapse)
* Internal Factors- Indepndence movemetns, wekaer than European rivals
* External Factors- Lost WW1
* Outcome-
* Mexico (Revolution)
* Internal Factors- Resistance to western influence and income inequality
* External Factors-

Causes of World War 1

Acronym MAIN

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* **M**ilitarism: Large armies, arms race
* **A**lliances:
* Triple Entente (France, UK, and Russia) with the addition of the United States, Italy, and Japan
* Triple Alliance (Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy) with the addition of the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. However, Italy soon switches sides.
* **I**mperialism: It drove competition between European Powers. In addition, it bought the whole world into the war
* Nationalism: Nationalism started the war where Serbian nationalists who were under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian empire wanted their freedom. In addition, nationalism within Europena powers further drove competition.

Conducting World War 1

* New Technology
* Poison gas
* Machine Guns
* Subamarines
* Airplanes
* Tanks
* New Strategy
* Trench Warfare causing stalemate
* Total War- Entire population was involved in waging war
* Women worked in factories
* Migrant labor from colonies to make up for labor shortages
* Men fought
* Progaganda
* Designed to create support for war
* Appealed to nationalism while demonizing the enemy
* Global War
* Fighting spread beyond Europe
* Colonial subjects fight in European armies

Peace and Conflict

* Treaty of Versailles (1918)
* Germany accept blame for war
* German military reduced
* Germany has to pay war debt to Britain and France
* Germany has to stop all industry
* Leads to German economy and global economy to crash

Economy in the Interwar Period (Great Depression)

This caused the government to take a more active role in the government.

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* United States
* New Deal, which provided funding for domestic programs like work relief for unemployed workers, job programs, and social programs like social security.
* Works Progress Administration- A part of the government that pays workers to build public service projects like trails, and other infrastructure.
* Soviet Union
* 5 year Plan- Government sets quotas for industrial and agricultural production. They succeeded in industry but failed in agriculture causing a wide-scale famine.
* Mexico
* Nationalized oil industry

Rise of Fascism

Political philosophy emphasizing extreme nationalism, military, strength, and obedience government.

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* Benito Mussolini
* Francisco Franco
* Adolf Hitler

Causes of World War 2

* Appeasement
* Prime Minster Neville Chamberlain, in the Munich Agreement, and Hitler agreed that the last place he would take was Sudetenland and wouldn’t expand further. However, the lack of response by the League of Nations and Britain and France caused Hitler to believe that they wouldn’t ever do anything, so he continued his invasion of Poland.
* Fascism
* Treaty of Versailles
* Germany was ruined and the people needed somebody to bring them out of this

Russian Revolution

This revolution occurs during World War 1 which causes them to leave World War 1. This overthrows the Romanov dynasty and leads to the Bolshevik Revolution which is the one that leads to the rise of Stalin.

League of Nations

A diplomatic country in which aimed to keep world peace. However, this failed as European countries were too focused on rebuilding their own countries they ignored the expansion of Fascist states.

Jewish Hate in Nazi Germany

Nurmeburg Laws- Laws that would push Jews to the edge of society

Kristallnacht- A riots in which germans rioted aginast jews

Causes of Cold War

* Expansion of Communism
* When fighting against Germany, Russia took over Eastern Europe so once the war most of Eastern Europe was Communist
* China in 1949 has its communist revolution in which they overthrow the nationalist party
* US Policy of Containment
* Truman Doctrine- A promise to help countries resist communist influences
* Marshall Plan- Aid promised to Western European countries in which money would be sent to boost their economies so they can resist totalitarian regimes.
* Arms/Space Race
* Threat of World War 3 made it so there's no fighting

Revolutions of China

* Chinese 1911 Revolution
* Overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Nationalist party
* Chinese 1949 Revolution
* Overthrew the Nationalist Party and established the Communist Party

Alliances During Cold War

NATO- Treaty between USA and Western Europe to fight Communism

Warsaw Pact- Treaty between USSR and Communist Countries

Proxy Wars

Wars fought in other countries in which the US or USSR didn’t directly fight but rather supplied local troops who were in support of their respective sides.

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Examples:

* Angola
* Vietnam
* Korea
* Nicaragua

Non Violent conflict resolution

* Berlin Airlift
* Stalin encircled the city of Berlin due to an increase in tensions so the Allied powers had to send supplies to Berlin through airlifts
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Russian nukes were stationed in Cuba with the ability to strike mainland USA.

How did the US and Soviets maintain influence during the Cold War?

Proxy wars, alliances and coercion.

How did people pursue independence after 1900?

* Similar methods
* Nationalist Leaders
* Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)
* Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)
* Gandhi (India)
* Nassr (Egypt)
* Takes Suez Canal back from Egypt
* Different methods
* Negotiated Independence
* Ghana
* French West Africa
* India
* Armed Struggle
* Angola
* Algeria
* French fought like hell as they believed that Algeria was an art of France. They liked the beaches
* Vietnam
* Civil War

Non Aligned Movement

Ghana, Egypt, India and Indonesia

Regional and Ethnic Movements caused by Decolonization

* Quebec
* Separation from English speaking and French speaking people in Canada
* India and Pakistan
* Separation between Muslims and India

Migrations

* Indians
* Emigrated throughout the British Empire especially to South Africa and England
* Filipinos
* Emigrated to the west coast of the US

Economic Effects of Cold War

Expansion of Socialist Policies in many countries. This can be seen with India and many Latin American countries where they redistributed land.