US History Semester 2

The 1970s

Defined by a continually poor economy

The 1980s

An era defined by conservatism

FDR's "lend-lease"

Allowed arms for those fighting aggression

Bataan Death March

Allied POWs' forced march by the Japanese

Emperor Hirohito

Was virtually powerless due to the veto power of the navy and army

Japanese build up of army

To attack neighboring Asian countries for resources that they were lacking

Atlantic Charter

A meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill to discuss the goals of war

Neutrality Acts

Stated that America would not sell arms to countries at war.

Roosevelt's famous "Four Freedoms" speech

freedom from want, from fear , of speech and expression, of religion

Arsenal of Democracy speech

A call to arms to support America's allies

Office of Price Administration

Fought inflation by implementing price controls and rationing goods.

Native Americans

In World War II they often served as effective code-talkers by using Native American languages

War Production Board

Turned peace time factories into wartime industries

Zoot-Suite Riot

When Latinos were targeted by off duty sailors in LA

Rosie the Riveter

Represent the women who worked in wartime industry

"Double V"

Most appealed to blacks during WWII

Okinawa

Island taken in preparation for a land invasion of Japan.

D-Day

purpose was to liberate France from German control.

Island hopping

Strategy so as to only take the strategic islands

War Relocation Act / Executive Order 9066

Selected certain areas of the US to remove and interned Japanese civilians

Cash and Carry

Passed to further insulate and protect America

Selective Service Act

Was the first draft during peace

Victory Gardens

Purpose was to preserve food for the war effort

Tuskegee Airmen

The first all black military aviators

Led to the start of the Cold War in 1945

Tension over nuclear power, Stalin's failure to uphold free elections in Poland, and ideological differences between the superpowers

Marshall Plan

Rebuild European economies to help them resist communism.

Truman Doctrine

was a policy of containment aimed to help Greece and Turkey

Domino theory

policy caused Eisenhower to remain involved in the Vietnam region

Truman's administration

caused the military was desegregated, the Berlin airlift supplied the citizens of West Berlin, and the Federal Loyalty Program was established

MAD

Prevented a hot war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, because both sides knew the result would be the destruction of both countries

Televised debates

1960 the election was groundbreaking in the fact that this was used for the first time

17th Parallel

Vietnam was split between North and South

38th Parallel

Where North and South were split during the Korean War,

1950s, American families

Benefited from advancements in medicine and technology

Alger Hiss

The state department official was found to have connections with the Soviets and therefore, increased Red Scare paranoia in the country

Senator McCarthy

The broadcast of the McCarthy Army hearings on television brought his downfall

Warsaw Pact

the Soviets formed with their Eastern European satellite states

NATO

Near the beginning of the Cold War, what the United States formed with their Western European allies

Interstate Highway Act

Initiated by president Eisenhower as it transformed America

G.I. Bill

The program provided for greater housing and education benefits for veterans

Geneva Accords

A temporary division of Vietnam into North and South at the 17th parallel.

Containment

Defines U.S. foreign policy during the late 40s and 50s

Mao Zedong

Created the new People's Republic of China which the U.S. refused to recognize

the Beats (Beatniks)

Many social critics in the 1950s, criticized an American emphasis on conformity

Little Rock, Arkansas

Where President Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect African American students

Brown v. Board of Education

Unanimous decision, cited psychological effects of segregation, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine, but many states tried to stall complying with the Court's ruling

Lee Harvey Oswald

Assassinated John F. Kennedy

James Earl Ray

Assassinated Martin Luther King

Sirhan Sirhan

Assassinated Robert Kennedy

NAACP

The civil rights organization known for using the legal system to make progress regarding civil rights

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Ordered the use of police dogs and fire hoses against the marchers

SCLC

Led by MLK Jr., remained loyal to their principles of non-violence

The Bay of Pigs

Invasion was an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro and was seen as a major failure

the Nation of Islam

Malcolm X was a convert

Gloria Steinam

A champion of the Equal Rights Amendment

Phyllis Schlafly

Initiated a campaign to defeat the Equal Rights Amendment

Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique

Highlighted women's discontentment with their role in the home

"Bloody Sunday"

Referred to the violence that occurred during the March from Selma to Montgomery

freedom riders

Goal was to make integrated interstate bus travel a reality

Loving v. Virginia

Supreme Court case ruled that state bans on interracial marriage were unconstitutional

The Warren Commission

concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in Kennedy's assassination

Malcolm X

experienced great hardships in his youth, preached a separatist militant approach to civil rights, and was assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam

Voting Rights Act of 1965

passed to end literacy tests, due to the March from Selma to Montgomery

Freedom Summer

Purpose was to push for voting rights

Naval blockade

The way Kennedy prevented completion of missile bases in Cuba.

Berlin Wall

Caused by the flight of East Germans to the West

Civil Rights Act

Purpose was to fight discrimination particularly based on race

Fair Deal

Kennedy's domestic program, which is primarily seen as a failure

Medicare

The long lasting Great Society program aids those 65 years and older

Cuban Missile Crisis

Ended with Kennedy coming out as the victor, The U.S. and Soviet Union developing a hotline and later signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

The Great Society

LBJ's plan that had honorable goals, but fell short in long term results

Hawks

Those who supported the Vietnam War

Griswold v. Connecticut

Initially established a "right to privacy"

The sending of thousands of special forces troops

Kennedy's role in escalating the Vietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Greatly expanded presidential war powers

Operation Rolling Thunder

Sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem

After the Geneva Accords were signed , he lead South Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh

After the Geneva Accords were signed the North was led by him

The invasion of Cambodia

Resulted in protest and the Kent State Massacre

The Tet Offensive

Damaged American morale because it demonstrated that the communists had not lost the will or ability to fight

detente

A cooling of tensions, like when Nixon's signed SALT I

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's National Security Advisor and right hand man in foreign affairs

Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia

Where Nixon ordered the secret bombing to reduce the flow of communist supplies

Nixon's resignation

Caused by offering hush money to the burglars, halting the FBI's investigation, and abusing his power by firing officials

1968

Involved assassinations, Tet Offensive and a scene of clashing police and protestors

Communist control 1975

The end result of the Vietnam War

Pentagon Papers

Revealed American leaders misled Congress and the American people about the war

Table tennis

China demonstrated its willingness to open talks with the United States by inviting an American to

Great Society

It increased the federal government's involvement in education, but created greater dependence on the government and was difficult to sustain due to the expense

Paris Peace Accords

Signed in 1973 under Nixon as it effectively ended U.S. troop involvement in Vietnam but only provided a temporary peace

Brezhnev

Invited Nixon to visit Moscow in response to the normalization of relations between China and the United States

Roe v. Wade

Supreme Court decision declared that all women are entitled to first trimester abortions

Gerald Ford

Struggled due to the public disapproved of his pardon of Nixon, was forced to work with a Democratic majority in Congress and faced crippling stagflation

Executive privilege

Nixon believed justified his refusal to turn over his taped conversations

Camp David Accords

Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement was the signing of peace between Egypt and Israel

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Was sparked due to Carter's allowance of the Shah into the United States.

Burglary of the DNC

Sparked the Watergate scandal

Carter's response to the nation's oil crisis

Call on Americans across the country to conserve energy

Stagflation

1970's mix of high inflation and high unemployment

SALT II

Failed ratification due to the Soviets invasion of Afghanistan