Chemistry Overview: Equilibrium, Acid/Base and Organic Chemistry - Fill-in-the-Blank Flashcards

60 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from equilibrium, acids and bases, organic chemistry and analytical techniques.

A reaction that can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions is called a __ reaction.

reversible

At dynamic equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant because the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are __.

equal

An equilibrium that can only occur in a closed system and involves ongoing opposing reactions is called __ equilibrium.

dynamic

A system that allows no exchange of matter with the surroundings is described as a __ system.

closed

Combustion is a spontaneous, non-equilibrium process because its reverse reaction has an extremely positive value of __.

ΔG (Gibbs free energy)

According to collision theory, reactant particles must collide with correct orientation and sufficient __ to react.

energy

Le Chatelier's Principle states that a system at equilibrium will shift to __ a change imposed on it.

counteract

Increasing temperature favours the __ reaction in an equilibrium system.

endothermic

Increasing the pressure on a gaseous equilibrium shifts the position toward the side with __ moles of gas.

fewer

If the reaction quotient Q is less than Keq, the reaction will proceed in the __ direction to reach equilibrium.

forward (to the right)

In an equilibrium constant expression, the concentrations of pure solids and liquids are treated as the value __.

1

The product of the concentrations of the ions in a saturated solution of a sparingly soluble salt is known as the __.

Ksp (solubility product)

When Qsp exceeds Ksp, the solution is __ and a precipitate will form.

supersaturated

Adding a common ion to a saturated solution __ the solubility of the salt.

decreases

According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton __.

donor

Arrhenius bases produce __ ions in aqueous solution.

hydroxide (OH⁻)

Lewis acids are electron-pair __.

acceptors

Two species that differ by a single proton are called a __ acid-base pair.

conjugate

A substance that can both donate and accept a proton is described as __.

amphiprotic

pH is calculated using the expression pH = −log[__].

H⁺ (hydronium ion)

If [H+] increases by a factor of 10, the pH decreases by __ unit.

one

Ka × Kb for a conjugate acid-base pair is equal to __.

Kw

A higher value of Ka corresponds to a __ acid.

stronger

In a titration, the unknown solution is called the __.

analyte

The laboratory glassware used to deliver precise volumes of titrant is a __.

burette

For a strong acid-strong base titration, an indicator with a __ equivalence pH such as bromothymol blue is selected.

neutral

A buffer solution contains a weak acid and its __.

conjugate base

Buffers are most effective when pH equals the __ of the weak acid.

pKa

Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds are known as __.

alkanes

Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond are called __.

alkenes

Adding branches to an alkane chain __ its boiling point.

lowers

An addition reaction converts an alkene into an __ by adding hydrogen.

alkane

The functional group of alcohols is the __ group.

hydroxyl (–OH)

Small alcohols are miscible with water because they can form __ bonds with water molecules.

hydrogen

Carboxylic acids are classified as __ acids because they only partially ionise in water.

weak

A soap molecule contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic __ head.

carboxylate (polar)

In water, soap molecules cluster around grease to form spherical structures called __.

micelles

Polymers formed by joining unsaturated monomers without by-products are called __ polymers.

addition

High-density polyethylene is produced under low pressure using a __-Natta catalyst.

Ziegler

Heating rubber with sulfur to create cross-links is a process known as __.

vulcanisation

Flame tests are qualitative analyses used to identify metal __ based on characteristic colours.

cations

Colorimetry converts absorbance readings to concentration using a __ curve.

calibration

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is especially useful for detecting trace amounts of __ ions.

metal

In conductometric titrations, the endpoint corresponds to the __ point on a conductivity curve.

minimum

Gravimetric analysis relies on precise measurements of __ to determine composition.

mass

The equilibrium constant expression is valid only when the reaction has reached __.

equilibrium

If temperature increases, an exothermic equilibrium reaction will shift toward the __ side.

reactant (left)

Increasing the concentration of reactants causes the equilibrium to shift to produce more __.

products

The dissolution of an ionic solid increases entropy because a __, regular lattice becomes separated ions.

ordered

A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature is described as __.

saturated

When pOH is low and pH is high, the solution is considered __.

basic (alkaline)

For a dilution by a factor of 10, the pH of an acidic solution will increase by __ unit.

one

Polyprotic acids donate protons in a __ process.

stepwise

The reaction of an acid with a carbonate produces salt, water and __ gas.

carbon dioxide

The pH range over which a buffer effectively resists change is approximately ±__ unit of its pKa.

1

Structural isomers that differ by the arrangement of the carbon skeleton are called __ isomers.

chain

Haloalkanes can undergo __ reactions where the halogen atom is replaced by another group.

substitution

UV-visible spectrophotometry identifies molecules by analysing the wavelengths absorbed by their __.

chromophores

In precipitation titrations, an insoluble __ forms at the equivalence point.

precipitate

Non-equilibrium reactions that proceed to completion typically have a very large negative value of __.

ΔG (Gibbs free energy)