KINE-The human body Homeostasis

Textbook Chapter 1-2 Notes

Anatomy studies structure; physiology studies function and mechanisms.

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue

Which of the following levels of organization is correctly ordered from simplest to most complex?

Insulin release in response to high blood glucose 

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in human physiology?

Sensors detect temperature → hypothalamus → sweating & vasodilation → temperature lowers

If a person’s body temperature rises above the normal set point, which sequence of responses represents correct negative feedback?

Atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell

Which of the following best explains the octet rule?

Hydrogen bond – weak attraction between polar molecules

Which bond type is correctly matched with its characteristics?

Water is hydrophobic and repels solutes like salt and sugar

Which of the following statements about water is FALSE? 

ATP → ADP + Pi + energy

Which reaction is correctly classified as catabolic?

DNA stores genetic information; RNA carries it to ribosomes

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

Development

Which functional characteristic of life involves both growth and differentiation?

Vitamin C

Which of the following is not a macronutrient essential for human survival?

Globular proteins – functional, hydrophilic, catalyze reactions

Which of the following correctly pairs enzyme structure with its function?

ATP provides energy only for muscle contraction

Which statement about ATP is FALSE?

100 times

A solution with pH 5 is how many times more acidic than a solution with pH 7?

Sends the body back to homeostasis

In a feedback loop, what is the function of the effector?

Lying on the back

What does the term supine refer to?

Root

Which part of a medical term gives the core meaning of the word?

Excessive pressure

What does the term hypertension literally mean? 

Gas bubbles form in blood

What can occur if atmospheric pressure drops too quickly (e.g., scuba diver surfaces too fast)?

Gradually restore pressure and remove nitrogen

What is the purpose of a hyperbaric chamber in decompression sickness?

Maintains pH by neutralizing excess H⁺ or OH⁻

Which of the following best describes a buffer system in the blood?

Blood clotting after vascular injury

Which of the following illustrates positive feedback?

Atoms with same protons but different neutrons

Which statement correctly describes isotopes?

Nervous

Which organ system is primarily responsible for internal coordination and regulation?

Maintain structure of proteins and nucleic acids, contribute to surface tension

What is the main role of hydrogen bonds in water?

Synthesis

Which type of chemical reaction combines smaller molecules into a larger one and stores energy?

Small motor units = precise control

Which statement about motor units is correct?

ATP already present in the fiber

Which is the first energy source used by a muscle fiber?

It regenerates ATP quickly in early contraction

Why is creatine phosphate important?

Inability to generate enough ATP to sustain contraction

Which statement best explains muscle fatigue?

Smooth

Which muscle type shows spindle-shaped fibers?

Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine degradation by acetylcholinesterase

Which event terminates the signal at the neuromuscular junction?

Myasthenia gravis

Which pathology results from autoimmune destruction of ACh receptors?

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Which condition is caused by defective dystrophin protein?

Isometric

Which type of contraction occurs when muscle generates force without changing length?