apicomplexa

Sarcocystis hominis

Sarcocysts are microscopic in muscles of cattle

Sarcocystis suihominis

Sarcocysts are macroscopic in muscles of swine

Major species affecting humans

Sarcocystis hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis

Pigs and cattle

Inffective host

Sarcocyst

IS CONTAIN SPOROZOITES

Tissue biopsy samples

Diagnostic Stages:

Bradyzoites (within sarcocyst)

Stool sample

Diagnostic Stages:

Oocysts & Sporocysts

Raw meat consumption

Infective Stages:

Bradyzoites (within sarcocyst)

Fecal contamination of food and water

Oocysts & Sporocysts

Vasculitis and myositis

Invasive form – rare in • Sarcosporidiosis or Sarcocystosis

Nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea

• 48 hrs

Intestinal form of Sarcosporidiosis or Sarcocystosis

Mild 48hrs

Intestinal form disease hrs

Intestinal Coccidians

• Apicomplexans that affect animals as well as humans

• Both sexual and asexual reproduction in one host

Sporulated / mature oocyst

Infective stage Intestinal Coccidians

Ingestion

MOT Intestinal Coccidians

Gastroentritis

Disease manifestation Intestinal Coccidians

Human and animals

Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum)

Oocysts (Thick-walled)

Infective & Diagnostic Stage:Cryptosporidium hominis (C. parvum)

C. hominis

formerly known as C. parvum genotype I

C. parvum

formerly known as C. parvum genotype II

human

C. hominis

Infective Stage: Mature (sporulated) oocysts

Diagnostic Stage: unsporulated oocysts

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Infective Stage: __________

Diagnostic Stage: __________

Infective Stage: Mature (sporulated) oocysts

Diagnostic Stage: Unsporulated oocysts

Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli

Infective Stage: _________

Diagnostic Stage: __________

Cryptosporidium > Cyclospora > Cystoisospora

Arrange into its sizeCystoisospora cryptosporidium Cyclospora

Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea usually self-limiting

Severe diarrhea among immunocompromised

(especially C. hominis)

• Autoinfection can occur in C. hominis

AUTOFLUORESCENCE

• important criterion for identifying C. cayetanensis oocysts

• Bluish green circles under UV light

C. cayetanensis oocysts

• Bluish green circles under UV light

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Drug use for c. Cayetanesis

Nitazoxanide

TMP-SMX/Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

C. belli

Toxoplasma gondii

• Worldwide distribution affecting a wide variety of mammals including humans

• Cosmopolitan distribution

Members of Family Felidae

• Cats

What is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii

Cats

Both definitive and intermediate host in toxoplasma gondii

rodents, birds, pigs, man

Intermediate host in toxoplasma gondii?

Toxoplasma gondii

Originally described from North African Rodents (Gundi)

Tachyzoites, Bradyzoites and Oocyst

Infective stage in toxoplasma gondii?

• Ingestion of infected undercooked meat= bradyzoites

• Consumption of food or water contaminated with cat feces=oocytes

• Blood transfusion or organ Transplantation=Tachyzoites, Bradyzoites

• Vertical transmission=Tachyzoites

MOT of toxoplasma Gondii

• Tachyzoites= Blood & Body fluids

• Bradyzoites= Tissue Consumption\

• Oocysts= Fecal Contamination of Food & Water

Infective Stages:

• Tachyzoites= __________

• Bradyzoites= __________

• Oocysts= __________

Diagnostic Stages:

• Tachyzoites= Blood & body fluids samples

• Bradyzoites= Tissue biopsy samples

• Oocysts= Stool sample

Diagnostic Stages:

• Tachyzoites(masmibilis)= ___________

• Bradyzoites= ___________

• Oocysts= ___________

oocyt

• can be infective/ diagnostic in humans in toxoplasma gondii

Tachyzoites toxoplasma gondii

- quickly multiplying forms

- responsible for initial spread and tissue destruction

- Blood & body fluids

Bradyzoites Toxoplasma Gondii

- slower developing form

- characteristic of older infection

- Tissue

Periodic Acid Schiff

What stain used for tissue BradyzoitesPOSITIVE

Tachyzoites toxoplasma gondii

• actively multiplying

Bradyzoites Toxoplasma Gondii

slow growing morphologic appearance: similar to tachyzoites

28-152 um in length, 22-123 um wide

Shape of Bradyzoites Toxoplasma Gondii

crescent shape, often more rounded on one end

Shape Tachyzoites toxoplasma gondii

3-7 × 2-4 um

Size Tachyzoites toxoplasma gondii

One

Number of Nuclei of Tachyzoites toxoplasma gondii

• contains a variety of organelles that are not readily visible

Other features of  Tachyzoites toxoplasma gondii

Smaller than tachzyzoites

Size of Bradyzoites toxoplasma gondii

• One to two contrctile vacoules

• cytoplasm may contain food vacoules and bacteria

• Small cytotome present

• Layer of cilia around organism

Number of nuclei of Bradyzoites toxoplasma gondii

identify parts

• May exhibit flu like symptoms

• Encephalitis is usually manifested

• Other manifestations include retinochoroiditis,lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly

• Congenital Defects

DISEASE AND PATHOGENESIS of TOXOPLASMA GONDII

immunocompromised PERSONS

• Clinical Manifestations appear among______ in toxoplasma gondii

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Infections are usually asymptomatic

Giemsa Stained Tissue imprints

Examination of Toxoplasma Gondii

• Resistant to staining with Methylene Blue

• adding live tachyzoites and complement to patient serum

• if patient has antibodies, they will bind to the tachyzoites

•  binding will activate complement which will induce lysis of parasite

Sabin Feldman Test

- Unstained –______

- Stained – ______

Diagnosis of toxoplasm gondii

- Unstained – POSITIVE

- Stained – NEGATIVE

• Sabin Feldman Test

• IgM antibody detection

• TORCH testing

• • Molecular Techniques

Diagnosis in toxoplasma gondii

TO – Toxoplasma

R – Rubella

C – CMV

H – Herpes Simplex Virus 1&2

TORCH TESTING MEANING?

• • Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine

Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii which is combination for 1 month

cook meat(150 or 66c); proper hygiene; disinfect and clean daily cat litter pans; pregnant women should avoid contact with cats

Prevention of toxoplasma gondii

Two; 10-18 µm long (each)

Sarcocystis spp. Mature Oocyst Number & Size of each sporocyst

Transparent

Appearance of Sarcocystis spp. Mature Oocyst:

Oval

Shape of Sarcocystis spp. Mature Oocyst:

Four sausage-shaped sporozoites

Contents of each sporocyst of Sarcocystis spp. Mature Oocyst:

Unicellular with granular cytoplasm

Oocyst cell wall appearance Sarcocystis spp. Mature Oocyst:

Clear, colorless, double layered

Young oocyst of Sarcocystis spp.

Two sporocysts, each containing four sausage-shaped sporozoites

Mature oocyst of Sarcocystis spp.

• History of Recent ingestion of raw or undercooked meat

• Muscle Biopsy – definitive diagnosis

• • Stool Exam – detection of sporocyst

  • Flotation Techniques

  • PCR

Diagnosis and Treatment of Sarcocystis

Rarely Required (asymptomatic)

• albendazole, metronidazole; co-trimoxazole

Treatment of Sarcocystis

• Thorough Cooking of Meat; Freezing of meat

Prevention of Sarcocystis

Muscle Biopsy

definitive diagnosis for Sarcocystosis

Stool Exam

detection of sporocyst Sarcocystis

4-6um

Size of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyt

Roundish

Shape of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyt

None

Number of Sporocyt Cryptosporidium parvum oocyt

Four(small)

Number of Sporozoites

• thick cell wall

• one six dark granules may be visible

Cryptosporidium parvum

Infective Stage: Mature (sporulated) oocysts

Infective Stage of Cyclospora cayetanensis: _____

• common if rasberry and basil leaves

Unsporulated oocysts

• Diagnostic Stage: _______

• affected humans

7-10 µm in diameter

Size of Cyclospora cayetenensis Mature Oocyst

Two

Number of in sporocysts Cyclospora cayetenensis Mature Oocyst

Each sporocyst contains two sporozoites

Contents of sporocysts in  Cyclospora cayetenensis Mature Oocyst

25-35 um long, 10-15 um wide

Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli size range?

transparent

Appearance of Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli mature oocyt

Oval

Shape of Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli mature oocyt

Two layered,colorless and smooth

Cell wall of Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli mature oocyt

Unicellular with granular layer

Developing sporoblast of Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli mature oocyt

Two sporoblast

young of Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli mature oocyt

Two sporocytes, each containing four sausage shaped sporozoites

Mature oocyst of Appearance of Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli mature oocyt

• S/S: Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea usually self-limiting

Severe diarrhea among immunocompromised (especially C. hominis

Pathogenesis of cyrtispora belli

• Autoinfection can occur in C. hominis

C.hominis and C. belli

Modified kinyoun Positive

C. cayetanesis

Modified kinyoun variable

C. cayetanensis

AuramineRhodamine: Bright Yellow Green

C. hominis

AuramineRhodamine:Yellow Green

C. belli

AuramineRhodamine:Bright Yellow Green