Studied by 1 personWhere do arteries take blood
Away from the heart
Where do veins take blood
Into the heart
What are capillaries used for
Gas exchange
Why is the heart a double pump
It pumps blood to two different places simultaneously
What three components makes up the circulatory system
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Where are pacemaker cells located
In the right atrium
Where does the pulmonary artery take blood
To the lungs
Where does the aorta take blood
The body
Where does the vena cava return blood from
The body
Where does the pulmonary vein take blood from
The lungs
Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the aorta
Oxygenated
Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated
Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the vena cava
Deoxygenated
Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the pulmonary vein
Oxygenated
Is the pressure high or low in the artery
High
Is the pressure high or low in the vein
Low
Is the pressure high or low in the capillaries
Low
Is the lumen narrow or wide in the artery
Narrow
Is the lumen narrow or wide in the vein
Wide
Is the lumen narrow or wide in the capillaries
Narrow
Is the wall thick or thin in the artery’s
Thick
Is the wall thick or thin in the veins
Thin
Is the wall thick or thin in the capillaries
Thin
What four things make up blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
What do red blood cells do
Carry oxygen
What do white blood cells do
Prevent infection, produce antibodies
What do platelets do
Clot blood
What does plasma do
Carry’s carbon dioxide, digested food molecules, urea and hormones
Where are coronary arteries located
Around the heart
What do coronary arteries do
Supply the heart muscles with blood
List 4 ways to treat coronary heart disease
Statins, artificial heart, artificial valves, stents
What do stains do
Reduce blood cholesterol levels
What do stents do
Hold the artery open/ widens the lumen
What is a communicable disease
A disease that can be spread between people
What causes non-communicable diseases
Genetics and lifestyle choices
What ways can pathogens be passed (list 4)
coughing and sneezing, direct contact, infected food or water, vectors
What is a risk factor
Any aspect of a persons life that has been linked to an increased rate of disease
What is a carcinogen
A chemical that causes or significantly increases the risk of cancer
What is a benign tumour
A growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane and does not invade other tissues
What is a malignant tumour
Often called a cancer and can invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they can form secondary tumours
What is chemotherapy
Drugs are used to destroy cancer cells
What is radiotherapy
High energy radiation is used to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA
What are monoclonal antibodies
Identical copies of the same antibody.
What animals is used to get monoclonal antibodies
Mice
What are the white blood cells that produce antibodies when making monoclonal antibodies called
B lymphocytes
Why are tumour cells added to the b cells
Because they tumour cells can divide rapidly
What is the mixture of tumour cells and b cells called
Hybridoma cells
What is the name of the hormone produced in the early stages of pregnancy
HCG
What are nitrate ions needed for
Protein production
What are magnesium ions needed for
To make chlorophyll
What do nematodes do
Reduce the mineral ions and water that can pass into the root
What do aphids pierce
The phloem
What are symptoms of rose black spot
large black spots on leaves or stems, foliage turning yellow, leaves dropping prematurely, fewer flowers produced, plant weakens
How is rose black spot spread
Through spores that are carried through the wind
What does TMV stand for
Tobacco mosaic virus
How is TMV spread
Through direct contact with a diseased plant
How does TMV affect plants
It stops chloroplasts forming
How is crown gall disease spread
Direct contact
Where is the bacteria that causes crown gall disease usually found
In soil
How do poisons act as a defence for plants
Animals will avoid plants that they know will make them feel unwell
How do thorns act as a defence for plants
They are unpleasant/ painful to touch so animals will avoid touching them
How do bark on trees act as a defence for plants
It forms a protective layer that is hard to penetrate and when it falls of the pathogens fall of with it
How does mimicry act as a defence for plants
Animals are tricked into thinking the plant is unappealing or something else
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