The heart and non-communicable diseases

Where do arteries take blood

Away from the heart

Where do veins take blood

Into the heart

What are capillaries used for

Gas exchange

Why is the heart a double pump

It pumps blood to two different places simultaneously

What three components makes up the circulatory system

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Where are pacemaker cells located

In the right atrium

Where does the pulmonary artery take blood

To the lungs

Where does the aorta take blood

The body

Where does the vena cava return blood from

The body

Where does the pulmonary vein take blood from

The lungs

Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the aorta

Oxygenated

Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the pulmonary artery

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Deoxygenated

Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the vena cava

Deoxygenated

Is blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the pulmonary vein

Oxygenated

Is the pressure high or low in the artery

High

Is the pressure high or low in the vein

Low

Is the pressure high or low in the capillaries

Low

Is the lumen narrow or wide in the artery

Narrow

Is the lumen narrow or wide in the vein

Wide

Is the lumen narrow or wide in the capillaries

Narrow

Is the wall thick or thin in the artery’s

Thick

Is the wall thick or thin in the veins

Thin

Is the wall thick or thin in the capillaries

Thin

What four things make up blood

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

What do red blood cells do

Carry oxygen

What do white blood cells do

Prevent infection, produce antibodies

What do platelets do

Clot blood

What does plasma do

Carry’s carbon dioxide, digested food molecules, urea and hormones

Where are coronary arteries located

Around the heart

What do coronary arteries do

Supply the heart muscles with blood

List 4 ways to treat coronary heart disease

Statins, artificial heart, artificial valves, stents

What do stains do

Reduce blood cholesterol levels

What do stents do

Hold the artery open/ widens the lumen

What is a communicable disease

A disease that can be spread between people

What causes non-communicable diseases

Genetics and lifestyle choices

What ways can pathogens be passed (list 4)

coughing and sneezing, direct contact, infected food or water, vectors

What is a risk factor

Any aspect of a persons life that has been linked to an increased rate of disease

What is a carcinogen

A chemical that causes or significantly increases the risk of cancer

What is a benign tumour

A growth of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane and does not invade other tissues

What is a malignant tumour

Often called a cancer and can invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they can form secondary tumours

What is chemotherapy

Drugs are used to destroy cancer cells

What is radiotherapy

High energy radiation is used to shrink tumours and kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA

What are monoclonal antibodies

Identical copies of the same antibody.

What animals is used to get monoclonal antibodies

Mice

What are the white blood cells that produce antibodies when making monoclonal antibodies called

B lymphocytes

Why are tumour cells added to the b cells

Because they tumour cells can divide rapidly

What is the mixture of tumour cells and b cells called

Hybridoma cells

What is the name of the hormone produced in the early stages of pregnancy

HCG

What are nitrate ions needed for

Protein production

What are magnesium ions needed for

To make chlorophyll

What do nematodes do

Reduce the mineral ions and water that can pass into the root

What do aphids pierce

The phloem

What are symptoms of rose black spot

large black spots on leaves or stems, foliage turning yellow, leaves dropping prematurely, fewer flowers produced, plant weakens

How is rose black spot spread

Through spores that are carried through the wind

What does TMV stand for

Tobacco mosaic virus

How is TMV spread

Through direct contact with a diseased plant

How does TMV affect plants

It stops chloroplasts forming

How is crown gall disease spread

Direct contact

Where is the bacteria that causes crown gall disease usually found

In soil

How do poisons act as a defence for plants

Animals will avoid plants that they know will make them feel unwell

How do thorns act as a defence for plants

They are unpleasant/ painful to touch so animals will avoid touching them

How do bark on trees act as a defence for plants

It forms a protective layer that is hard to penetrate and when it falls of the pathogens fall of with it

How does mimicry act as a defence for plants

Animals are tricked into thinking the plant is unappealing or something else