2. Newborn Exam

The normal temperature range for a newborn is __.

36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F)

A temperature greater than __ is defined as a fever in a newborn.

100.4°F

Potential causes of hypothermia in a newborn include __, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, or hypothyroidism.

Sepsis

The normal heart rate range for a newborn is __ bpm.

120–160 bpm (can be as low as 85–95 bpm during sleep)

The normal respiratory rate for a newborn is __ breaths per minute.

35–60

A newborn can typically lose up to __ of their birth weight in the first few days of life.

10%

Caput Succedaneum is edema/ecchymosis that crosses __.

suture lines

Cephalohematoma is blood under the periosteum that does __.

NOT cross suture lines

A bulging anterior fontanelle may indicate __.

Increased intracranial pressure

A sunken anterior fontanelle may suggest __.

Dehydration

Craniosynostosis is the premature closure of __.

cranial sutures

In Positional Plagiocephaly, the sutures are __.

not closed

Scaphocephaly is caused by early fusion of __.

the sagittal suture

Lacunar Skulls are associated with __ and Myelomeningocele.

Chiari Malformation

A white or grey red reflex (Leukocoria) suggests __.

Cataracts, hemorrhage, retinoblastoma, or Peter’s Anomaly

Gonorrheal Conjunctivitis typically presents __ after birth.

24–48 hours

Chlamydial Conjunctivitis is treated with __ or Oral Erythromycin.

Oral Azithromycin (20 mg/kg daily x 3 days)

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a vascular disorder where hypoxia/hyperoxia disrupts __.

normal retinal vessel growth

A Coloboma is a keyhole-shaped defect in the __.

eye (iris, retina, etc.)

Ankyloglossia is commonly known as __.

'Tongue-tie'.

A large, protruding tongue may suggest __.

Down Syndrome, Hypothyroidism, or Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Epstein Pearls are benign whitish-yellow cysts found on __.

the gums or palate

A webbed neck is suggestive of __.

Turner’s Syndrome

Poland’s Syndrome involves unilateral absence or __ of the pectoralis major muscle.

hypoplasia

Pectus Excavatum is also known as __.

'Funnel chest'.

Pectus Carinatum is also known as __.

'Pigeon chest'.

A heart murmur can be normal in a newborn within __ hours after birth.

the first 24–72

Weak femoral pulses may suggest __.

Coarctation of the Aorta

Risk factors for Developmental Hip Dysplasia include __, family history, and female gender.

Breech position

The Barlow Maneuver involves adducting the hip and applying __ to dislocate the femoral head.

downward pressure

The Ortolani Maneuver requires abducting the hip and lifting __ to reduce the dislocated hip.

anteriorly

The Galeazzi Sign indicates hip dislocation when one knee is __ than the other.

lower

Treatment for Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) includes __, taping, or casting.

Splinting

The Moro (Startle) reflex typically disappears by __ months.

3–6

The Galant Reflex disappears by __ months.

3–6

Erb-Duchenne Palsy is caused by a C5-C7 injury leading to a '__' posture.

'Waiter’s Tip'

Klumpke’s Palsy arises from a C8-T1 injury leading to a '__' hand.

'Claw'

The Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex is also known as the '__' posture.

'Fencing'

Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum is a common, benign rash that appears as __ with central yellow/white pustules.

red macules

Transient Pustular Melanosis leaves hyperpigmented macules often on __ and feet.

hands

A 'Blueberry Muffin Baby' may indicate __ or malignancy.

Intrauterine infection (CMV, Rubella)

Cutis Marmorata is a skin condition characterized by __ caused by vasomotor instability.

reticular mottling

Sturge-Weber Syndrome is characterized by a Port Wine Stain in __ which can be associated with seizures.

V1 distribution

Hallmarks of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis include a __ rash and lytic bone lesions.

scaly/eczematous

The appropriate response to a newborn's __ is to monitor vs improve respiratory rates and heart rates.

hypothermia

Hydration in newborns can be assessed by examining the hydration of __.

skin and mucous membranes

Signs of a newborn being __ include excessive crying, difficulty feeding, and abnormal movements.

uncomfortable

The Apgar score is used to evaluate a newborn's __ at birth.

physical condition

A normal newborn should have an Apgar score of __ at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

7 or above

When assessing newborn vitals, heart rate should be measured while the baby is __.

calm or resting

The newborn's first bowel movement is termed __.

meconium

The normal range of blood pressure for newborns is __ mmHg.

60-90/30-60

The liver in a newborn may be palpable up to __ cm below the right costal margin.

2-3

Newborn skin should be assessed for any signs of __ or unusual markings.

cyanosis

Common markings on a newborn include __, stork bites, or Mongolian spots.

nevus simplex

The term __ refers to the presence of a palpable fontanelle in a newborn.

fontanelle assessment

Signs of __ in infants can include low body temperature, poor feeding, and decreased responsiveness.

sepsis

Reflexes in newborns can be tested by examining their __, grasp, and rooting reflex.

suck

The most common congenital heart defect in newborns is __.

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Assessment of __ health in newborns typically includes examination of the spine for deformities.

musculoskeletal

The ideal time for the first eye exam is at __ without delay.

birth

Congenital cataracts in newborns may necessitate __ at an early age.

surgical intervention

A high-pitched cry in a newborn might indicate __ or neurological issues.

discomfort

A birth weight below the 10th percentile is termed __.

low birth weight

Birth weights and lengths are charted on __ to assess growth.

percentile growth charts

A baby's weight should double by __ months of age.

5-6

The average weight for a newborn is approximately __ grams.

2500-4000

Routine newborn screening may include testing for __ disorders.

metabolic

Common viral infections tested in newborns include __ and cytomegalovirus (CMV).

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Neonatal jaundice occurs when bilirubin levels rise above __ mg/dL.

5

Neonatal jaundice may be classified as __ or pathologic.

physiologic

Treatment for pathologic jaundice may involve __ and phototherapy.

exchange transfusion

The most common cause of pathologic jaundice in a newborn is __.

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Hypoglycemia in newborns presents with symptoms like __ and tremors.

poor feeding

Newborns should be assessed for any signs of __ or discordance in limb growth.

developmental abnormalities

The risk of developing hip dysplasia increases with __ births.

breech

Breastfeeding should be initiated as early as __ after delivery.

within the first hour

The most common newborn rash is __ toxicum neonatorum.

Erythema

Transient Pustular Melanosis typically resolves in __ days.

a few days to weeks

To check for development cues in newborns, healthcare providers use __ developmental milestones assessments.

standardized

The term __ refers to the process of the newborn adapting to life outside the womb.

transitioning

The presence of fixed and dilated pupils in a newborn may be an emergency sign of a __.

brain injury

Rash on the newborn's skin following delivery may be due to __.

birth trauma or pressure points

To monitor the newborn's hydration status, one should check for signs of __.

dehydration

Newborns typically lose weight initially but should regain it by __ days.

day 14

The ideal birth temperature for a newborn is __.

normal thermal environment

An abnormal neurological exam may show signs like __ muscle tone.

low or high

Congenital musculoskeletal deformities may include lots of __ abnormalities.

skeletal

If a newborn experiences excessive weight loss, the mother may need __ guidance.

feeding

Assessment of a newborn's __ is crucial for detecting congenital defects or malformations.

heart sounds

Hearing tests performed in newborns often involve __ methods.

auditory brainstem response (ABR)

A newborn's heart rate should ideally be between __ bpm.

120 and 160

Periods of __ are normal in newborns, leading to sudden changes in behavior.

recovery

The most critical assessment in the first minutes after birth is to ensure __.

airway patency

Breech births require careful assessment of __ in order to prevent birth trauma.

newborn positioning

Parenting education on __ ensures proper care and bonding with the newborn.

attachment

Skin assessments should be performed for any signs of __ after delivery.

infection

Routine immunizations can be started from __ weeks after birth.

6 weeks

The average length of a full-term newborn is approximately __ cm.

50-52

To assess a newborn's nutritional needs, healthcare providers examine nursing __.

frequency and effectiveness