Studied by 11 people
Missionary
A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others
Circumnavigate
To sail around the world
cartography
Art of making maps
caravel
A small, highly manoeuvrable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
Conquistador
A Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Colonization
the act of setting up a colony away from one's place of origin.
Bullion
Precious metals melted into bars
Quipo
knotted strings used to keep records
Immunity
Resistance to disease
Columbian exchange
Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Each region was significantly impacted as a result of trade and contact.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power through trading and importing more than they import.
Capitalism
An economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society. The essential feature of capitalism is the motive to make a profit.
inflation
A general and progressive increase in prices
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory
Traditional economy
An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions
Market economy
An economy in which decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.
Indigenous
Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
Traded from west-east
Maize, cacao, tomatoes, pineapples, potatoes, pumpkins, turkey
Traded from east-west
Peaches and pears, horses, cattle, lettuce, wheat, barley, oats, rice, sugar
Describe the triangular slave trade
European merchant ships carried European manufactured goods, such as guns and cloth, to Africa where they were traded for enslaved people. The enslaved Africans were then shipped to the Americas and sold. European merchants then bought tobacco, molasses, sugar, and raw cotton in the Americas and shipped them back to Europe.
What is the spice trade?
European merchants would buy valuable spices such as peppers, cloves, nutmeg and cinnamon from China, India, and the spice islands.
How was exploration connected to trade?
When voyagers would explore, they would stop at various countries and trade new items such as spices for profit. Eventually they would create ports at different countries allowing them to establish a vast trading empire.
What is the significance of the strait of magellan?
It was an important route for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as it confirmed that there was a southwest passage to asia.
Name three improvements in sailing technology
A special type of ship known as a caravel was developed that was fast and easy to manoeuvre in windy conditions.
The compass was developed to show direction
The astrolabe was developed to show you your north-south position based on the stars
Why did European nations embark on voyages of exploration?
For the search of spices and the spread of christianity. Also to find new trade routes.
What type of ship was best suited to long ocean voyages? Why?
Caravels were best suited for long ocean voyages. They were fast and easy to maneuver in different wind and sea conditions.
How did the voyages of Columbus change Europeans' view of the world?
The voyages of Columbus encouraged Europeans to explore more of the New World. No Europeans knew of the large landmasses of North and South America. This encouraged further exploration of it.
What inventions helped sailors determine their location at sea?
-Magnetic compass \n -Maps \n -Globes \n -Astrolabe \n -Having a good understanding of ocean winds.
Who had control of trade in the mediterranean?
Italy
What was the effect of italy’s control of the Mediterranean sea
Italy became very wealthy by taxing imported or exported trade, other countries tried to find a way by sea that was not through italian trade routes in the Mediterranean sea
what did Portugal gain by finding an ocean route to asia
Spices
How did new animals change life in america?
These animals changed agricultural practices and transportation. Horses had a huge effect on the indigenous American economies and culture. Buffalo hunting became far more efficient when done on horseback. Cattle became important in indigenous American society for meat, tallow, hide, and transportation
How did pizarro trap the emperor Atahualpa?
He invited him to a meeting and then threw him in prison. The emperor arranged a ransom of 20 tons of gold and silver, but he rejected the ransom and had him killed.
Which two American empires did the Spanish conquer?
The Incas (mainly Peru) and the Aztec (in the central part of Mexico). \n Also the Maya culture was hugely affected.
What products from the Americas did Spanish ships carry to Spain in large quantities?
Gold and Silver (riches in general)
What caused many native people to die even after the fighting was over?
Diseases such as smallpox to which the natives were not immune to.
Why did many native soldiers in Mexico decide to join forces with the Spanish conquistadors?
Because they shared the same enemies, they were sick of their ruler, and to stay alive.
Why did the Spanish destroy the temples, statues, and books of the people they conquered?
They considered them worthless because they were pagan (not Christian).
Reread the quotation by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. How did his viewpoint differ from that of the Spaniards he described?
He described the Spaniards were selfish, foolish, and crazy.
What did the people of the Americas gain or lose from their dealings with the spanish?
The Americas gain other countries' cultures, and they lost lots of gold, silver, people, and their cultural.
Name three kinds of exchanges that took place through the columbian exchange
Diseases from the old world to the new world
Technology
Animals
How does mercantilism contribute to a nation’s strength?
It gave nations access to growing markets and increasing revenue. When merchants sold good, buyers paid with gold and silver. This made the sellers richer and the buyers poorer.
Who were members of the middle class?
Merchants, traders and artisians.
How did the Age of Exploration influence agriculture in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres?
Plants from the americas affected the diet of the east and vice versa.
Corn imported from the west led to population explosion in Asia and Africa
Peanuts became a staple crop in Africa
Other important crops were potatoes, manioc, beans and tomatoes
In the west, sugar became a major profit source
Also transformed by crops such as rye, rice, grapes, bananas and coffee
According to mercantilists, what was the main goal of trade?
Mercantilists believe that the main goal of trade is to make a nation more powerful.
How did capitalists tend to use their profits?
They used their profits to invest in their businesses. Using capital, or money, to increase profits is a key part of capitalism.
How did the Columbian Exchange alter the way Native Americans of the Great Plains lived?
Many groups from the Native Americans in the Great Plains stopped farming and began hunting Buffalo from horseback.They also began to use horses and European guns in warfare.
In a mercantilist system, would all nations be able to prosper?
All nations would not be able to prosper. I believe this because not all nations have the proper items (animals and crops) to trade that would get them the money allowing them to prosper.
Who benefited more from mercantilism, European nations or their colonies?
The mother nations of colonies benefited most from mercantilism. This is because the colonial home nations (such as Spain or Britain) used mercantilism to acquire as many resources and assets as possible from their colonies, meanwhile the colonies received nothing.
How did the rise in land prices cause benefits for some people and losses for others?
The rise of land prices benefited farmers and landowners
After they farmed they would sell the food and earn money because the food supply was low.
They would use this new money to buy more land, therefore they could raise sheep for profitable wool trade.
It was not beneficial for other people.
As the prices went up, they were getting rid of their money to buy food. They couldn't buy land anymore as it was too expensive
5 Stages of colonization
Steady State,
First Encounter,
Colonial Relations,
Internalized Colonialism,
Decolonization
Long term effects of colonization
Environmental degradation
Loss of culture
Land borders
Conflict
Economic dependancy
Capitalism
Change in culture
Improved infrastructure
Short term effects of colonization
•Diseases
•Death by violence
•Enslavement
•Destroyment of cultural artifacts
•Loss of land by indigenous people
•Extraction/stealing of resources
•Economic losses
•Worldwide trade developing
Who lived in America before columbus?
The Taino people
What were colonies used for?
- Cheap supply of raw materials: Spices, timber, sugar, tobacco, furs, ivory, gold, rice etc.
- A market to sell furnished goods: guns, furniture, iron, beer etc.
What caused the native American population to go down?
Violence that came with the conquest
The impact of European diseases
Why were African slaves not affected by diseases?
The ‘European’ diseases brought to the Americas were actually not just European diseases. These diseases were also called ‘Old world’ diseases. People living in the old world had been exposed to these diseases for over 800 years already, so were immune to it
Columbian exchange ideas
From East to West: wheel, how to make iron tools, how to make guns, how to use animals to work for you
From West to East: Aztec and Incan architecture (that was constructed without iron tools)
Note 
Flashcard (166)