Exam 1 (Nutrition: Chapters 1-3)

what is the difference between the Macro- and Micro-Nutrients?

Macronutrients: Lipids, proteins, Carbs (measured in Large quantities) Micro: Minerals, water, vitamins (Measured in small quantities)

What makes a nutrient considered essential?

The body can’t make them up/Build

Potential advantage and disadvantages of obtaining nutrient from food vs. supplements. Is one source than the other?

Advantages of food: provides more types nutrients and provides energy

Disadvantages: ???

Advantages of Supplement: Able to certain selected vitamins u need

Disadvantages: Toxicity

What are Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)?

1. Genetics

2. Behavior

3. social Environment( Income, Education)

4. Physical environment (pollution)

5. Healthcare Access

What is a Kilocalorie? What does it measure?

Calories on food labels & it measures energy

How many kcal per grams each nutrient? Which nutrient don’t provide calories?

Protein: 4 kcals, Carb: 4 kcals, lipids: 9 kcals, Alcohol: 7 kcals. DOESNT calories: Vitamins, Minerals, Water

Properties of Vitamins

Fat Soluble: D, A, E, K (Stored in fat body)

Water-soluble: C & B (Eliminated by Kidneys)

organic compounds

no energy & Susceptible to heat ( loses vitamins)

Properties of Minerals

inorganic substance

no energy

not destroyed by high heat

Major: Ca, Na, K trace ( need less of them): Fe, Zn, Cu

Epidemiological studies

Study of population of people

ex: Corhort ( following people retroactively & Prospective based on their exposure) & Case-control (comparing past two groups based on known outcome: with lung cancer or w/o)

can’t prove causation only see cause & Effect

Randomized Control Trials (RCT)

Strongest level of Studies

• Treatment vs. Control group

• Double-blind ( Neither Researcher or participant known what’s the control/ treatment group)

• Variable (dependent vs. independent)

• Placebo (positive effect) vs. Nocebo (negative affect)

• Golden standard

• peerviewed

• reduces bias

Laboratory Studies

Conducted on animals or cells

• In vivo (study of whole organisms)

• In vitro (studying individual cells)

What is Nutritionism? How would this influence someone’s eating?

Food broken into Macro & micronutrient to determine its health value. It influences

Nutrient Density vs. Energy Density

Nutrient Density: Food has a lot of nutrients

Energy Density: comparison of kcal with content with weight of food ( lower: low in calories & high: high in calories but both give the SAME amount of energy)

What nutrients are of concern with American’s diets?

Calcium, Potassium, Vitamin D, fiber

RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowance ( nutrition goal to meet target group for 97-98% of population can be categories by gender, life stage, age)

AI

Adequate Intake (Nutrient -intake goals for a given nutrient when a goal set for not enough scienefic evidence)

%DV

Percent Daily value (recommended amount of a given nutrient based on the RDI of that nutrient in a 2,000-kilocalorie diet)

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

The level u can take without being harmful

not all nutrients have them such as water soluble vitamin

AMDRS

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range ( calculated range of how many energy from carbs,fats, and protein is recommended for a healthy diet) Majority is carbs

Fat 20-35%

protein 10-35%

carbs 45-65%

Who developed and is responsible for updates to the DRIs?

US Department of Agriculture & Department of Human & Health Science

What order are ingredients are put on the food label?

Heaviest to lightest

What is the path that food takes through the GI tract from eating to elimination?

Mouth esophagus, stomach, small intestine large intestine, Anus

What are accessory organs?

Food doesn’t pass through it (ex: liver ,pancreas, and gallbladder)

Where does the bulk of nutrient absorption take place?

Small intestine

what are potential health consequences if this organ becomes diseased or damaged?

malabsorption of Nutrients

What are the 5 ways nutrient absorption takes place?

Simple/passive, facilitated, active, and endocytosis

What is the first macronutrient to be digested and what enzyme aids in that digestion?

Protein (pepsin & HCL)

What is the function of sphincters throughout GI tract?

prevent food/chyme from backtracking

What is the function of the mucus in the stomach?

protect stomach lining from acid & enzymes

what is the normal pH of the stomach? What does bicarbonate do?

1-3 pH (acidic) & bicarbonate ions neutralize stomach acid/chyme

How are fat soluble and water-soluble nutrients treated differently during absorption and transportation?

Fat soluble: through lymphatic vessel then bloodstream

Water soluble: from intestinal cells into capillaries

What are some conditions or ailments that may arise when digestion/absorption/elimination does not happen properly?

Diverticulitis, Hemorrhoids, Ulcerative Colitis (UC) , Crohn’s Disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome

What is the gut-connection and how might this influence a person’s gastrointestinal symptoms?

The brain is connection to the gut. It can cause constipation, diarrhea etc. due to mental environment

What are the risks associated with restrtive food elimination diets to treat GI symptoms?

Developing eating disorders and Functional Gut Disorders

What are probiotic & Prebiotic? How do we obtain them?

Probiotic: live microorganism that support gut health (ex: yogurt, sauerkraut, soy sauce, kombucha)

Prebiotics: fuel for probiotics (ex: bananas, Oatmeal, Chickpeas)

What are is changlles of RCT and Lab studies?

They are costly

What is the difference between the Nutrition and Registered Dietitian?

RD is a lincse healthcare professional needs more credential and nutritionist is not need any credential

EAR

Estimated Average requirement (estimated average intake level to meet the needs of 50 % of the target group. form basis of RDA)

EER

Estimate energy requirement (average daily cal predicted to manage energy balance)

Types of organic

100% organic

organic 95%

Made with Organic 70% to 94%

Ingredient panel less than 70%

food grown w/o use of antibiotics, hormones, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides genetic improvements

What Nutrient Claims?

Must meet FDA Definitions

Characterizes the quantity of a nutrient

what is Health claim?

relationship between nutrient/ food and disease or condition

requires some level of scientific evidence

What is structure function claims

relationship between a nutrient/ food

must not mention a disease or symptom